📚 Year 10 SQA Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 10年级SQA物理：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to vocabulary guide for Year 10 SQA Physics. A solid grasp of key terms is the foundation for interpreting questions, applying formulas, and describing phenomena accurately. This bilingual resource pairs every essential term with a concise definition in English and its Chinese equivalent, making revision faster and more effective. Use it to reinforce your conceptual understanding and build the confidence to speak and write like a physicist.
欢迎使用10年级SQA物理核心词汇速记指南。扎实掌握关键术语是准确理解题目、应用公式和描述物理现象的基础。这份双语资料为每一个重要术语都配上了简洁的英文定义与对应的中文解释，让复习更高效。用它来巩固你对概念的理解，并建立像物理学家一样表达的信心。
1. Kinematics and Motion | 运动学与运动术语
Distance (d) – a scalar quantity that measures the total length of the path travelled by an object. It has magnitude only and is measured in metres (m).
距离 (d) – 物体运动路径的总长度，只有大小，是标量，单位为米(m)。
Displacement (s) – a vector quantity describing the straight-line distance from the starting point to the finishing point, together with the direction. Its magnitude is the shortest distance between the two positions.
位移 (s) – 从起点到终点的直线距离及方向，是矢量。大小等于两点间最短距离。
Speed – verage speed = total distance / time. It is a scalar, measured in metres per second (m/s).
速率 – 距离的变化率。平均速率 = 总距离 / 时间。它是标量，单位是米每秒(m/s)。
Velocity (v) – the rate of change of displacement. It is a vector quantity, so the direction must be stated. Measured in m/s.
速度 (v) – 位移的变化率。是矢量，必须指明方向。单位为m/s。
Acceleration (a) – the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration can involve speeding up, slowing down or changing direction. Measured in m/s².
加速度 (a) – 速度的变化率。包括加速、减速或改变方向。单位为m/s²。
Scalar – a physical quantity that has magnitude (size) only. Examples: distance, speed, mass, time, energy.
标量 – 只有大小的物理量，如距离、速率、质量、时间、能量。
Vector – a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force.
矢量 – 既有大小又有方向的量，如位移、速度、加速度、力。
Uniform acceleration – changes by the same amount each second. The equations of motion (v = u + at, etc.) apply.
匀加速度 – 加速度恒定，每秒速度变化量相同。可以使用运动学方程(v = u + at 等)。
Instantaneous speed – the speed of an object at a particular instant in time, as shown by a speedometer.
瞬时速率 – 物体在某一特定时刻的速率，如同速度表显示的值。
Average speed – total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. vavg = d / t.
平均速率 – 总路程除以总时间。vavg = d / t。
2. Forces and Newton’s Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Force (F) – a push or pull on an object that can change its shape, speed or direction. Measured in newtons (N).
力 (F) – 物体受到的推或拉，可改变其形状、速率或方向。单位为牛顿(N)。
Newton (N) – the SI unit of force. 1 N is the force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass by 1 m/s².
牛顿 (N) – 力的国际单位。1 N 等于使1 kg质量产生1 m/s²加速度所需的力。
Weight (W) – n object’s mass. W = m × g, where g is gravitational field strength (≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth).
重量 (W) – 作用在物体质量上的引力。W = m × g，g是引力场强度(地球上约9.8 N/kg)。
Mass (m) – the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass does not change with location.
质量 (m) – 物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克(kg)。质量不随位置改变。
Gravitational field strength (g) – per unit mass acting on a mass in a gravitational field. On Earth’s surface, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg.
引力场强度 (g) – 引力场中单位质量所受的力。地球表面g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。
Resultant force (net force) – the single force that represents the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. It determines the object’s acceleration.
合力(净力) – 作用在物体上所有力的矢量和，决定物体的加速度。
Balanced forces – when the resultant force on an object is zero. The object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity.
平衡力 – 合力为零，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。
Unbalanced forces – when the resultant force is not zero, causing a change in the object’s motion (acceleration).
非平衡力 – 合力不为零，导致物体运动状态改变(产生加速度)。
Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia) – an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
牛顿第一定律(惯性定律) – 物体在不受非平衡力作用时，将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。
Newton’s Second Law – ectly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass. F = m a.
牛顿第二定律 – 物体的加速度与合力成正比，与质量成反比。F = m a。
Newton’s Third Law – for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. These forces act on different objects.
牛顿第三定律 – 每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，且作用在不同物体上。
Friction – a force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (e.g. walking) or unwanted.
摩擦力 – 阻碍两接触面相对运动的力，可能有益(如行走)也可能有害。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功和功率
Energy (E) – the ability to do work. Measured in joules (J). Energy can be stored or transferred but never created or destroyed.
能量 (E) – 做功的能力，单位为焦耳(J)。能量既不会凭空产生也不会消失，只能转移或转化。
Work (W) – object through a distance. W = F × d (when force and movement are in the same direction).
功 (W) – 力使物体沿力的方向移动时传递的能量。W = F × d (力与位移同向)。
Power (P) – done or energy is transferred. P = W / t or P = E / t. Measured in watts (W); 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率 (P) – 做功或能量转移的速率。P = W/t 或 E/t。单位是瓦特(W)，1 W = 1 J/s。
Joule (J) – the SI unit of energy and work. 1 J is the work done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m.
焦耳 (J) – 能量和功的国际单位。1 J 等于1 N的力使物体移动1 m所做的功。
Watt (W) – the SI unit of power. 1 W is equal to 1 joule per second.
瓦特 (W) – 功率的国际单位，1 W = 1 J/s。
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) – energy an object possesses due to its motion. Eₖ = ½ m v², where m is mass and v is speed.
动能 (Eₖ) – 物体因运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½ m v²。(m为质量，v为速率)
Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ) – the energy stored in an object due to its height above a reference level. Eₚ = m g h.
重力势能 (Eₚ) – 物体因位于一定高度而储存的能量。Eₚ = m g h。
Conservation of energy – energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
能量守恒 – 能量不能凭空产生或消失，只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。孤立系统的总能量保持不变。
Efficiency – ower), usually expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%.
效率 – 有用输出的能量(或功率)与总输入能量(或功率)之比，通常用百分比表示。效率 = (有用输出/总输入) × 100%。
Renewable energy – energy from sources that are naturally replenished, e.g. solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric, geothermal.
可再生能源 – 来自自然补充的能源，如太阳能、风能、潮汐能、水能、地热能。
Non‑renewable energy – energy from finite resources that cannot be replenished within a human timescale, e.g. coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuels.
不可再生能源 – 来自有限资源的能源，在人类时间尺度内无法再生，如煤、石油、天然气、核燃料。
4. Electricity: Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电学：电流、电压和电阻
Electric current (I) – he rate of flow of electric charge. I = Q / t. Measured in amperes (A), where 1 A = 1 C/s.
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