Year 10 SQA Physics Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 十年级SQA物理公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 SQA Physics Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 十年级SQA物理公式定理速查手册

This quick-reference handbook gathers the essential formulas, equations and key theorems from the SQA Year 10 (National 5) Physics course. Use it to power up your revision, tackle problem-solving with confidence and keep the core relationships at your fingertips.

本速查手册汇集了SQA十年级（National 5）物理课程的核心公式、方程与关键定理。利用它可以高效复习，自信解题，随时温习最重要的物理关系。

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1. Speed, Acceleration and Equations of Motion | 速度、加速度与运动方程

Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the time taken. It is a scalar quantity that tells you how fast an object is moving regardless of direction.

v = d / t

平均速率是总路程除以所用时间，它是一个标量，仅描述运动的快慢而不涉及方向。

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Because velocity includes direction, acceleration happens whenever an object speeds up, slows down or changes direction.

a = (v - u) / t

加速度是速度的变化率。由于速度包含方向，所以物体加速、减速或转向时都有加速度。

For an object moving in a straight line with constant acceleration you can link initial velocity u, final velocity v, acceleration a and time t. Displacement s can also be found when needed, but the two fundamental relationships above cover most SQA exam questions.

对于匀加速直线运动，可以将初速度u、末速度v、加速度a和时间t联系在一起。必要时还能求出位移s，但以上两个基本关系式已能应对SQA考试中绝大多数题目。

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2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律

Newton's second law explains how an unbalanced force causes acceleration. The acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass.

F = m a

牛顿第二定律：物体所受的合外力等于质量与加速度的乘积。力越大，加速度越大；质量越大，加速度越小。

Weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass. It is calculated by multiplying the mass by the gravitational field strength g.

W = m g

重力是地球对物体的吸引力，大小等于质量乘以重力场强度g。在地球表面，g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。

Newton's third law reminds us that forces always occur in pairs: if object A exerts a force on object B, then B exerts an equal and opposite force on A. These action–reaction pairs act on different objects and never cancel each other.

牛顿第三定律指出力总是成对出现：若A对B施加一个力，则B同时对A施加一个大小相等、方向相反的力。这对作用力与反作用力作用在不同物体上，不会相互抵消。

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3. Kinetic and Potential Energy | 动能与势能

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on the mass and the square of the speed.

Eₖ = ½ m v²

动能是物体由于运动而拥有的能量，大小与质量和速度平方成正比。

Gravitational potential energy is stored in an object raised above the ground. It depends on mass, gravitational field strength and vertical height.

Eₚ = m g h

重力势能是物体被举高后储存的能量，大小等于质量、重力场强度与高度的乘积。

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4. Work, Power and Efficiency | 功、功率与效率

ion of the force. If force and displacement are parallel, work is simply force × distance.

W = F d

功是力使物体沿力的方向移动时所做的功。当力与位移同向时，功等于力乘以距离。

Power measures how quickly work is done or energy is transferred. It is the work done divided by the time taken.

P = E / t

功率表示做功或能量转化的快慢，等于功或转化的能量除以所用时间。

Efficiency compares the useful energy (or power) output with the total energy (or power) input. It is often expressed as a percentage.

η = (useful output / total input) × 100%

效率是有用能量（或功率）输出与总能量（或功率）输入的比值，通常用百分数表示。任何热机的效率永远小于100%。

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5. Gas Laws and the Kinetic Model | 气体定律与动力学模型

At constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (Boyle's law).

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

温度不变时，一定质量气体的压强与体积成反比：P₁V₁ = P₂V₂。

At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature (Charles' law).

V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂

压强不变时，一定质量气体的体积与开尔文温度成正比：V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂。

At constant volume, the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature (Pressure law).

P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂

体积不变时，压强与开尔文温度成正比：P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂。所有气体定律必须在开尔文温标下使用。

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6. Waves: Properties and Speed | 波：性质与波速

Wave speed, frequency and wavelength are linked by the wave equation. This applies to both transverse and longitudinal waves, including sound and water waves.

v = f λ

波速、频率和波长的关系：v = f λ，适用于横波和纵波。

The period T is the time taken for one complete wave to pass a point. It is the reciprocal of frequency.

T = 1 / f

周期T是完成一个完整波形所需的时间，等于频率的倒数。频率越高，周期越短。

When a wave passes from one medium to another, its speed and wavelength change, but the frequency stays the same because it is set by the source.

波从一种介质进入另一种介质时，波速和波长会改变，但频率保持不变，因为频率由波源决定。

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7. The Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁频谱

ght c ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s. The same wave equation relates their speed, frequency and wavelength.

c = f λ

所有电磁波在真空中速度相同，约为3×10⁸ m/s，仍满足c = f λ。

The electromagnetic spectrum, in order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength, is: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. This ordering also places them from lowest energy to highest energy per photon.

电磁频谱按频率递增、波长递减的顺序依次为：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线和伽马射线。频率越高，单个光子能量越大。

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8. Electricity: Charge, Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电学：电荷、电流、电压与电阻

Electric current is the rate of flow of charge. The total charge transferred is the product of current and time.

Q = I t

电流是电荷流动的速率，转移的电荷总量等于电流与时间的乘积。

Ohm's law states that for a resistor at constant temperature, the current is proportional to the potential difference (voltage) across it.

V = I R

欧姆定律：在温度不变时，导体中的电流与两端电压成正比，V = I R。

Power in an electrical circuit can be calculated from voltage and current, or combined with Ohm's law to give two alternative forms.

P = I V    P = I²R    P = V² / R

电功率可用电压和电流计算（P = IV），结合欧姆定律还可得出

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