📚 Year 10 SQA Mathematics: Quick Reference Formula & Theorem Handbook | Year 10 SQA 数学:公式定理速查手册
This handbook provides a concise, organised collection of all the essential formulae and theorems covered in Year 10 SQA Mathematics. It is designed as a quick revision aid to help you recall key results for algebra, geometry, trigonometry, statistics and more. Keep it handy when tackling homework, practicing past papers or preparing for assessments.
本手册简明、系统地整理了 Year 10 SQA 数学课程中所有核心公式与定理。它是一份快速复习资料,可帮助你回忆代数、几何、三角学、统计等模块的关键结论。在做作业、练习历年真题或准备评估时,随时翻阅它。
1. Algebraic Expansion & Simplification | 代数展开与化简
Algebraic expansion allows us to rewrite products as sums, making expressions easier to manipulate. Below are the fundamental patterns you must know.
代数展开能将乘积改写为和的形式,使表达式更易于处理。以下是你必须掌握的基本模式。
a(b + c) = ab + ac
单括号展开:a(b + c) = ab + ac。
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
双括号展开 (FOIL): (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd。
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
完全平方和: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²。
(a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b²
完全平方差: (a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b²。
(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²
平方差公式: (a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²。
2. Factorisation | 因式分解
Factorisation reverses expansion. It is essential for solving quadratic equations and simplifying algebraic fractions.
因式分解是展开的逆过程,对于解二次方程和化简代数分式至关重要。
ab + ac = a(b + c)
提取公因式: ab + ac = a(b + c)。
a² – b² = (a + b)(a – b)
平方差因式分解: a² – b² = (a + b)(a – b)。
a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)²
完全平方和因式分解: a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)²。
x² + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q) where p + q = b, pq = c
二次三项式因式分解: x² + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q),其中 p + q = b,pq = c。
3. Quadratic Equations | 二次方程
uadratic equation has the form ax² + bx + c = 0. Its graph is a parabola. Two main methods — factorising and the quadratic formula — are used to find roots.
二次方程形如 ax² + bx + c = 0,其图像为一条抛物线。求根主要有两种方法:因式分解和二次公式。
x = (–b ± √b² – 4ac) / (2a)
二次求根公式: x = (–b ± √b² – 4ac) / (2a)。
Discriminant Δ = b² – 4ac
判别式: Δ = b² – 4ac。Δ > 0 有两个实根;Δ = 0 有一个实根;Δ < 0 无实根。
Axis of symmetry: x = –b / (2a)
对称轴: x = –b / (2a)。
Vertex (turning point): (–b/(2a), f(–b/(2a)))
顶点(转折点)坐标: (–b/(2a), f(–b/(2a)))。
4. Indices & Surds | 指数与根式
Laws of indices and surd manipulations underpin many algebraic steps. Learn these rules to simplify powers and roots confidently.
指数法则与根式运算是许多代数步骤的基础。务必牢记这些规则,以便熟练化简幂与根式。
am × an = am+n
同底数幂相乘: am × an = am+n。
am ÷ an = am–n
同底数幂相除: am ÷ an = am–n。
(am)n = amn
幂的乘方: (am)n = amn。
a⁰ = 1 (a ≠ 0)
任何非零数的零次幂等于 1: a⁰ = 1。
a–n = 1 / an
负指数: a–n = 1 / an。
√a × √b = √ab
根式乘法: √a × √b = √ab。
5. Straight Line Graphs | 直线图形
or coordinate geometry. Every linear relationship can be expressed in the form y = mx + c.
直线方程及其斜率是解析几何的基础。任何线性关系都可以表示为 y = mx + c 的形式。
y = mx + c
斜截式: y = mx + c,其中 m 为斜率,c 为 y 轴截距。
Gradient m = (y₂ – y₁) / (x₂ – x₁)
斜率公式: m = (y₂ – y₁) / (x₂ – x₁)。
y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)
点斜式: y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)。
Midpoint: M = ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)
中点公式: M = ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)。
6. Solving Equations & Inequalities | 解方程与不等式
Equations and inequalities are solved by isolating the variable. Remember that multiplying or dividing by a negative number reverses the inequality sign.
方程与不等式通过将变量隔离来求解。注意,不等式两边同乘或同除一个负数时,方向要反转。
Linear: ax + b = 0 → x = –b/a
一元一次方程: ax + b = 0 → x = –b/a。
Inequality reversal: if a < b then –a > –b
不等式方向反转:若 a < b,则 –a > –b。
Solving two inequalities: a < x < b means x is between a and b
双不等式求解: a < x < b 表示 x 介于 a 与 b 之间。
7. Simultaneous Equations | 联立方程组
Simultaneous equations can be solved by substitution, elimination or graphically. The solution is the point of intersection of the two lines.
联立方程组可通过代入法、消元法或图像法求解。其解即为两条直线的交点坐标。
Elimination: make coefficients of one variable equal, then add/subtract.
消元法:使其中一个未知数的系数相等,再加减消元。
Substitution: express one variable in terms of the other, then replace.
代入法:将一个变量用另一个表示,再代入另一方程。
Graphical solution: intersection of lines y = m₁x + c₁ and y = m₂x + c₂.
图像解法:直线 y = m₁x + c₁ 与 y = m₂x + c₂ 的交点。
8. Pythagoras’ Theorem & Distance Formula | 毕达哥拉斯定理与距离公式
Pythagoras’ theorem relates the sides of a right-angled triangle. Its coordinate version gives the distance between two points.
毕达哥拉斯定理揭示了直角三角形三边的关系。其在坐标系中的形式可用于计算两点间的距离。
a² + b² = c²
勾股定理:直角三角形中,斜边平方等于两直角边平方和。
Distance AB = √[(x₂ –
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