📚 Year 10 CCEA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CCEA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Building a robust technical vocabulary is the first step to thinking like an engineer. This guide collects the essential terms you will meet in Year 10 CCEA Engineering, grouped by topic, and pairs each with a simple memory hook. Read the English explanation, then immediately reinforce it with the Chinese version. Revisit these paired definitions regularly, test yourself by covering one language, and you will soon find that even complex concepts become second nature.
建立扎实的技术词汇库是像工程师一样思考的第一步。本指南汇集了 Year 10 CCEA 工程课程中必学的核心术语，按主题分组，并为每个术语配上简单的记忆钩子。先读英文解释，再立刻用中文版本巩固。定期复习这些配对定义，盖住一种语言自我测试，你很快就会发现即使复杂的概念也能变得像本能一样自然。
1. Basic Engineering Materials | 基础工程材料
Ferrous metal: A metal that contains iron. Most ferrous metals are magnetic and can rust. Think 'Fe' (iron) in the periodic table; if you see 'ferrous', imagine a rusty iron nail. Example: mild steel.
黑色金属：含铁的金属。多数黑色金属有磁性且会生锈。联想元素符号 Fe（铁）；看见 'ferrous' 就想像一根生锈的铁钉。例如：低碳钢。
Non-ferrous metal: A metal that does not contain iron. It will not rust and is often non-magnetic. 'Non-' means no iron, so no rust. Example: aluminium, copper.
有色金属：不含铁的金属。不会生锈，通常无磁性。'Non-' 就是没有铁，所以不锈。例如：铝、铜。
Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal, designed to improve properties. Picture mixing gold with copper to make jewellery stronger – that is an alloy.
合金：由两种或以上元素混合而成，其中至少一种为金属，旨在改善性能。想像把金和铜混合来让首饰更坚固——那就是合金。
Thermoplastic: A polymer that softens when heated and hardens when cooled, and can be remoulded many times. Think of 'thermo' (heat) + 'plastic' that can be remelted. Example: acrylic, polythene.
热塑性塑料：加热软化、冷却硬化并可反复重塑的高分子材料。联想 'thermo'（热）加上可以回炉重熔的塑料。例如：亚克力、聚乙烯。
Thermosetting plastic: A polymer that undergoes a chemical change when heated and moulded, making it permanently hard. Once set, it cannot be softened again. 'Setting' is a one-way street, like baking a cake.
热固性塑料：加热成型时发生化学变化而永久硬化，一旦固化便不能再次软化。'固化'是单行道，就像烤蛋糕一样不可逆。
2. Mechanical Systems & Motion | 机械系统与运动
Lever: A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum) to amplify an effort force. Remember: 'Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth.' A seesaw is a lever.
杠杆：围绕固定点（支点）转动以放大施力的刚性杆。记住：'给我一个支点，我能撬动地球。' 翘翘板就是杠杆。
Gear ratio: The ratio of the number of teeth on the driven gear to the number of teeth on the driver gear. If the driver has 10 teeth and the driven has 20, the ratio is 2:1 – the driven gear turns half as fast but with twice the torque.
齿轮比：从动轮齿数与主动轮齿数之比。若主动轮 10 齿、从动轮 20 齿，传动比为 2:1——从动轮转速减半但扭矩加倍。
Gear Ratio = Teeth (driven) ÷ Teeth (driver)
Mechanical advantage (MA): Effort. If you lift 100 N with only 25 N effort, MA = 4. High MA means less effort needed.
机械利益（MA）：机构放大输入力的倍数。MA = 负载 ÷ 施力。若仅用 25 N 的力举起 100 N，MA = 4。MA 越高越省力。
Velocity ratio (VR): The ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time. For a pulley system, VR equals the number of rope sections supporting the load.
速度比（VR）：同一时间内施力移动距离与负载移动距离之比。在滑轮系统中，VR 等于承重绳股数。
Efficiency: How well a machine converts input energy into useful output. Efficiency (%) = (Useful work output ÷ Work input) × 100%. Always less than 100% due to friction.
效率：机器将输入能转化为有用输出的程度。效率（%）=（有用输出功 ÷ 输入功）× 100%。因摩擦永远低于 100%。
3. Electronic Components & Circuits | 电子元件与电路
Resistor: component that limits current flow and divides voltage. Colour bands show its value. Think 'resist' = hold back traffic. Unit: ohm (Ω).
电阻器：限制电流并分压的元件。色环表示阻值。联想 'resist'（阻挡）来往车辆。单位：欧姆（Ω）。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A diode that lights up when current passes through it in the forward direction. The longer leg is positive (anode). 'Light' reminds you it glows.
LED（发光二极管）：正向通电时发光的二极管。长脚为正极（阳极）。'Light' 提示它会发光。
Capacitor: Stores electrical charge temporarily; it charges and discharges in a circuit. Imagine a tiny rechargeable bucket for electricity. Unit: farad (F).
电容器：暂时储存电荷；在电路中充放电。想像一个可充电的微型电桶。单位：法拉（F）。
Thermistor: A resistor whose resistance changes significantly with temperature. NTC thermistors decrease resistance as temperature rises – think 'Negative Temperature Co‑efficient', needle falls.
热敏电阻：阻值随温度显著变化的电阻器。NTC 热敏电阻温度升高阻值下降——联想 '负温度系数'，数值往下掉。
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): Its resistance drops when light intensity increases. In the dark, resistance is high; in bright light, low. 'Dependent on Light' says it all.
光敏电阻（LDR）：光照增强时阻值降低。黑暗中阻值高，强光下阻值低。'依赖光'说得很明白。
Ohm's Law: V = I × R (R = V ÷ I)
欧姆定律：V = I × R（R = V ÷ I）
| Symbol | Component | Unit/Symbol |
| Resistor | Fixed resistor | Ω |
| LED | Light Emitting Diode | →| (arrow with light) |
Circuit symbol recall: Draw the symbol and label it. The arrow in an LED symbol points in the direction of conventional current – from positive to negative.
电路符号记忆：画出符号并标注。LED 符号中的箭头指向常规电流方向——从正到负。
4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
CAD (Computer Aided Design): Using software to create precise 2D or 3D models. Think 'design on screen'. It lets you rotate, measure and simulate before making anything.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：用软件创建精准的二维或三维模型。联想'在屏幕上设计'。可在制造前旋转、测量和仿真。
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture): Using computers to control machine tools. The CAM software reads a CAD file and commands a CNC machine. CAD to CAM is like a recipe to a robot chef.
CAM（计算机辅助制造）：用计算机控制机床。CAM 软件读取 CAD 文件并指令 CNC 机器。CAD 到 CAM 就像食谱给机器人厨师。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control): A method of automating machine tools via programmed commands. The 'numerical' part means coordinates for cutting. CNC milling, routing, laser cutting.
CNC（计算机数控）：通过编程指令使机床自动运行的方法。'数值'指切削坐标。例如 CNC 铣削、雕刻、激光切割。
Marking out: The process of scribing lines and centre points on a workpiece before cutting or drilling. Use engineer's blue, a scriber and a centre punch. 'Measure twice, cut once' starts here.
划线：在切割或钻孔前在工件上划出线条和中心点的工序。使用划针、蓝油和中心冲。'量两次，切一次'从这里开始。
Soldering: Joining metal parts using a filler alloy (solder) that melts below 450 °C. Soft soldering is for electronics. Think 'low heat, shiny joints'.
软钎焊：用熔化温度低于 450 °C 的填充合金（焊料）连接金属件。常用于电子电路。联想'低温、光亮焊点'。
Brazing vs welding: Brazing uses a filler rod melted above 450 °C but below the melting point of the parent metals; welding fuses the parent metals themselves. Brazing is like 'gluing with brass'; welding is 'true fusion'.
钎焊与熔焊对比：钎焊使用熔化温度高于 450 °C 但低于母材熔点的填充棒；熔焊则是母材自身熔化结合。钎焊像'黄铜胶接'；熔焊是'真正熔合'。
5. Forces & Structures | 力与结构
Tension: A pulling force that tries to stretch a material. Cables in a suspension bridge are in tension. Imagine a rope being pulled tight.
拉力：试图拉伸材料的力。悬索桥的缆绳承受拉力。想像一根被拉紧的绳子。
Compression: A pushing force that tries to squash or shorten a material. Columns in a building are in compression. Think of pressing a spring.
压力：试图压扁或缩短材料的力。建筑物的柱子承受压力。想像压弹簧的感觉。
Shear force: A force that makes one part of a material slide past another. Scissors create shear when cutting paper. 'Shear' sounds like 'shear' cut.
剪切力：使材料一部分相对另一部分滑动的力。剪刀剪纸时产生剪切力。'Shear' 听起来就像咔嚓一刀。
Torque (turning force): The twisting force that causes rotation. Measured in newton metres (N·m). A longer spanner produces more torque on a nut. 'Tightening twist'.
扭矩（转动力）：导致旋转的扭转力。单位牛·米（N·m）。长扳手在螺母上产生更大扭矩。'拧紧的扭力'。
Factor of safety: The ratio of the material's maximum stress to the working stress. A factor of 3 means the part is three times stronger than needed for the expected load. Safety margin.
安全系数：材料最大应力与实际工作应力之比。系数3意味着该零件强度是预期载荷所需的三倍。安全裕度。
6. Energy & Power | 能源与动力
Kinetic energy: KE = ½ m v². A moving car has kinetic energy; faster means much more energy (speed squared!).
动能：物体因运动而具有的能量。KE = ½ m v²。行驶的汽车具有动能；速度加快，能量猛增（速度平方！）。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): its height above the ground. GPE = m g h. A raised hammer stores energy ready to do work.
重力势能（GPE）：物体因离地高度而储存的能量。GPE = m g h。举高的锤子储存着待做功的能量。
Renewable energy: re : Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, tidal and hydro. They do not run out. Think 'renew = again and again'.
可再生能源：来自太阳能、风能、潮汐能、水能等自然补充的能源。不会枯竭。联想 'renew'（一再更新）。
Non-renewable energy: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) and nuclear fuels that are finite. Burnt once, gone. Imagine a battery that cannot be recharged.
不可再生能源：煤、石油、天然气等化石燃料以及核燃料，储量有限。用完就没了。想像一枚无法充电的电池。
Power: er = Work done ÷ time. Unit: watt (W). A 60 W light bulb transfers 60 joules every second.
功率：做功或转换能量的速率。功率 = 做功 ÷ 时间。单位：瓦特（W）。60 W 灯泡每秒转换 60 焦耳。
7. Control Systems | 控制系统
Input – Process – Output: The basic model of any engineering system. Input is sensed (e.g. a switch, sensor), process is what happens (controller), output is the action (motor, light). IPO – remember 'I Pick Oranges'.
输入—处理—输出：任何工程系统的基本模型。输入被感测（开关、传感器），处理是控制器的运算，输出是执行动作（马达、灯）。IPO——记成'I Pick Oranges'（我摘橙子）。
Microcontroller: A compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation. It runs a stored program. Think of it as a tiny brain on a chip, like the one in a microwave.
微控制器：专用于控制特定操作的紧凑集成电路，运行储存的程序。把它看作芯片上的微型大脑，比如微波炉里的那个。
Sensor: A device that detects and responds to a physical input (light, heat, motion) and converts it into an electrical signal. A thermistor is a temperature sensor.
传感器：检测光、热、运动等物理输入并将其转换为电信号的装置。热敏电阻就是一种温度传感器。
Actuator: A component that moves or controls a mechanism after receiving a signal. Motors, solenoids and pistons are actuators. 'Act' means it does something physically.
执行器：收到信号后移动或控制机构的部件。马达、螺线管、活塞都是执行器。'Act' 代表它产生实际动作。
Open‑loop vs closed‑loop control: Open‑loop has no feedback – operates on fixed settings (toaster timer). Closed‑loop uses feedback (e.g. thermostat) to adjust output automatically. 'Loop closed' means the system monitors itself.
开环与闭环控制：开环无反馈——按固定设定运行（烤面包机定时器）。闭环利用反馈（如恒温器）自动调节输出。'闭环'意味着系统会自我监测。
8. Engineering Drawing & Symbols | 工程制图与符号
Orthographic projection: A method of drawing 3D objects in 2D views – usually front, side and plan (top) views. It shows true shapes and dimensions. 'Ortho' means straight.
正投影：用二维视图（通常为前视图、侧视图和俯视图）绘制三维物体的方法，反映真实形状和尺寸。'Ortho' 意为正直。
Isometric drawing: A 3D pictorial drawing where the three axes are equally inclined (120° apart). Dimensions along these axes are drawn true length. It gives a realistic 'corner‑on' view.
等角投影图：三个坐标轴等角（互成 120°）的立体图，沿轴尺寸按真实长度绘制。呈现逼真的'角位'视角。
Dimensions & tolerances: : Dimensions give exact sizes; tolerances state the allowable variation (±0.5 mm). A part must fit within those limits to function correctly.
尺寸与公差：尺寸给出精确大小；公差说明允许的偏差范围（如 ±0.5 毫米）。零件必须在此范围内才能正确装配。
Scale drawing: A drawing that represents an object proportionally larger or smaller than its real size. 1:2 means the drawing is half size; 2:1 is double size. Always note the scale used.
比例图：以一定比例放大或缩小绘制的图样。1:2 表示图样是实物一半大小；2:1 是两倍大。务必标注所用比例。
Sectional view: A drawing that shows the internal features of a part as if it has been cut. Cross‑hatching indicates the cut surface. It reveals hidden details.
剖视图：像把零件切开一样展示内部结构的图样，切断面用剖面线表示。揭示隐藏的细节。
9. Health, Safety & Quality | 健康、安全与质量
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Clothing and gear worn to reduce risk of injury. Goggles, gloves, safety boots and ear defenders are PPE. Always 'Protect Yourself'.
PPE（个人防护装备）：为降低受伤风险而穿戴的衣物和装备。护目镜、手套、安全鞋和耳罩都是 PPE。永远记住'保护自己'。
Risk assessment: Identifying hazards, evaluating who could be harmed and deciding on control measures. Five steps: identify, assess, control, record, review.
风险评估：识别危险源、评估可能受伤害者并制定控制措施。五步法：识别、评估、控制、记录、复查。
Quality control (QC): Testing a product to make sure it meets specifications. Checking a batch of resistors with a multimeter is QC. 'Catch the defect before it leaves'.
质量控制（QC）：检测产品以确保符合规格。用万用表检查一批电阻器就是 QC。'在流出前揪出缺陷'。
Tolerance in manufacturing: nce (±0.1 mm) requires precise machining. A wider tolerance is cheaper but may affect fit.
制造公差：尺寸允许的变化范围。紧公差（±0.1 毫米）需精密加工；宽松公差成本低但可能影响配合。
10. Sustainability & Environment | 可持续性与环境
Life cycle assessment (LCA): Evaluating the environmental impact of a product from raw material extraction, through manufacture and use, to disposal or recycling. 'Cradle to grave'.
生命周期评估（LCA）：评估产品从原料开采、制造、使用到废弃或回收全过程对环境的影响。'从摇篮到坟墓'。
Recyclable materials: Materials that can be reprocessed and used again, such as aluminium, steel and many thermoplastics. Recycling reduces extraction of virgin resources.
可回收材料：可再加工利用的材料，如铝、钢和许多热塑性塑料。回收利用减少了原生资源的开采。
Carbon footprint: The total greenhouse gas (CO₂) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an activity or product. Engineers aim to minimise it through efficient design and clean energy.
碳足迹：一项活动或产品直接和间接排放的温室气体（CO₂）总量。工程师通过高效设计和清洁能源来将其最小化。
Design for disassembly: Designing a product so that its parts can be easily separated for repair, upgrade or recycling. Snap‑fit joints instead of glue make disassembly simpler.
可拆解设计：设计产品时让部件容易分离，便于维修、升级或回收。用卡扣代替胶水使拆解更简单。
The 6 Rs of sustainability: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse, Rethink. Memorise them as 'R⁶' – engineers apply them to every stage of design and manufacture.
可持续六 R：减量（Reduce）、重用（Reuse）、回收（Recycle）、维修（Repair）、拒绝（Refuse）、再思考（Rethink）。记成 'R⁶'——工程师在设计和制造的每个阶段都会用到它们。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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