📚 Core Knowledge Review for Year 10 OCR Economics | Year 10 OCR 经济：核心知识点梳理
This revision guide brings together the most important concepts you will encounter in the first year of the OCR GCSE (9-1) Economics course. Mastering these fundamentals now will give you a strong platform for Year 11 and help you tackle exam questions with confidence.
这篇复习指南汇集了你在 OCR GCSE（9-1）经济学第一年课程中将遇到的最重要概念。现在掌握这些基础知识将为 Year 11 的学习打下坚实基础，并帮助你自信地应对考试题目。
1. The Basic Economic Problem | 基本经济问题
The fundamental economic problem is scarcity: finite resources cannot satisfy infinite human wants. Because resources are limited, societies and individuals must make choices about what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce.
基本经济问题是稀缺性：有限的资源无法满足无限的人类欲望。由于资源有限，社会和个人必须在生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产这三个问题上做出选择。
Scarcity forces us to prioritise and trade off one desire against another. Every choice involves giving up the next best alternative, which links directly to the concept of opportunity cost.
稀缺性迫使我们进行优先排序并在不同欲望之间权衡取舍。每一个选择都涉及放弃次优替代方案，这与机会成本的概念直接相关。
2. Factors of Production and Their Rewards | 生产要素及其回报
Economists group resources into four factors of production: land, labour, capital and enterprise. Land earns rent, labour receives wages, capital yields interest and enterprise gains profit.
经济学家将资源分为四种生产要素：土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能。土地赚取地租，劳动获得工资，资本产生利息，企业家才能赢得利润。
Land includes all natural resources such as minerals, water and forests. Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. Capital consists of man-made goods like machinery and factories that help produce other goods and services. Enterprise is the ability to combine the other three factors and take business risks.
土地包括所有自然资源，如矿产、水和森林。劳动是指生产中使用的体力和脑力人力投入。资本由人造物品组成，如机器和工厂，用于帮助生产其他商品和服务。企业家才能是组合其他三种要素并承担商业风险的能力。
3. Opportunity Cost and the Production Possibility Frontier | 机会成本与生产可能性边界
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. It is a key concept because it reminds us that every decision has a real cost beyond money.
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案的价值。这是一个关键概念，因为它提醒我们每个决策除了金钱之外都有实际成本。
The production possibility frontier (PPF) illustrates scarcity, choice and opportunity cost. A PPF shows the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce with all resources fully and efficiently employed. Points inside the curve indicate underutilisation of resources, while points outside are unattainable with current resources.
生产可能性边界（PPF）说明了稀缺性、选择和机会成本。PPF 展示了一个经济体在所有资源得到充分有效利用时能生产的两种商品的最大组合。曲线内的点表示资源未充分利用，而曲线外的点在现有资源下无法达到。
Moving along the PPF involves an opportunity cost, as producing more of one good means producing less of another. Economic growth shifts the PPF outward.
沿着 PPF 移动涉及机会成本，因为多生产一种商品意味着少生产另一种商品。经济增长会使 PPF 向外移动。
4. Economic Systems | 经济体制
Economic systems answer the three basic economic questions. The main types are market economies, planned economies and mixed economies. Most real-world economies are mixed, combining market forces with government intervention.
经济体制回答三个基本经济问题。主要类型有市场经济、计划经济和混合经济。大多数现实世界的经济体都是混合经济，将市场力量与政府干预相结合。
In a pure market economy, decisions are made through the price mechanism with no government involvement. In a planned economy, the state owns resources and makes all key decisions. A mixed economy strikes a balance, using markets for efficiency and government action to correct market failures and promote equity.
在纯市场经济中，决策通过价格机制进行，没有政府参与。在计划经济中，国家拥有资源并做出所有关键决策。混合经济则寻求平衡，利用市场追求效率，同时通过政府行动纠正市场失灵并促进公平。
| Feature / 特征 | Market / 市场 | Planned / 计划 |
|---|---|---|
| Resource ownership / 资源所有权 | Private / 私人 | State / 国家 |
| Price determination / 价格决定 | Supply and demand / 供需 | Government decree / 政府指令 |
| Choice / 选择 | Wide consumer choice / 消费者选择广泛 | Limited choice / 选择有限 |
5. Demand | 需求
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices over a period of time. The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as price rises, quantity demanded falls, resulting in a downward-sloping demand curve.
需求是指在一段时间内，消费者在不同价格水平上愿意并能够购买的商品或服务的数量。需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，需求量下降，形成一条向下倾斜的需求曲线。
Movements along the demand curve are caused by changes in the good's own price. Shifts of the entire demand curve are caused by changes in non-price determinants, such as income, tastes, advertising, prices of substitutes and complements, population and expectations.
沿需求曲线的移动是由商品自身价格变化引起的。整个需求曲线的移动是由非价格决定因素的变化引起的，如收入、品味、广告、替代品和互补品价格、人口和预期。
6. Supply | 供给
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices over a period of time. The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as price rises, quantity supplied rises, giving an upward-sloping supply curve.
供给是指在一段时间内，生产者在不同价格水平上愿意并能够提供出售的商品或服务的数量。供给定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，价格上升，供给量上升，形成一条向上倾斜的供给曲线。
Shifts in supply occur when non-price determinants change. Key factors include costs of production (wages, raw materials, energy), technology, taxes and subsidies, weather (for agricultural products), and the number of sellers in the market.
当非价格决定因素发生变化时，供给曲线发生移动。关键因素包括生产成本（工资、原材料、能源）、技术、税收和补贴、天气（对农产品而言）以及市场中的卖方数量。
7. Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply | 需求与供给的价格弹性
Price elasticity of demand (PED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. It is calculated as:
PED = (% change in quantity demanded) ÷ (% change in price)
需求的价格弹性（PED）衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。计算公式为：
PED = （需求量变动百分比）÷ （价格变动百分比）
If PED > 1, demand is elastic; consumers are very responsive to price changes. If PED < 1, demand is inelastic. Price elasticity of supply (PES) measures how responsive quantity supplied is to a price change, using a similar formula. Elasticity influences total revenue and the incidence of taxation.
如果 PED > 1，需求富有弹性；消费者对价格变化很敏感。如果 PED < 1，需求缺乏弹性。供给的价格弹性（PES）用类似公式衡量供给量对价格变化的反应程度。弹性影响总收益和税收归宿。
8. Market Failure and Externalities | 市场失灵与外部性
Market failure occurs when the price mechanism causes an inefficient allocation of resources. Key types include externalities, public goods, merit and demerit goods, and information gaps.
当价格机制导致资源配置无效率时，就会出现市场失灵。主要类型包括外部性、公共物品、优值品和劣值品以及信息不对称。
A negative externality is a cost imposed on a third party not involved in the economic transaction, such as pollution. A positive externality is a benefit enjoyed by a third party, such as the wider effects of education. Because the market price does not reflect these external costs or benefits, production and consumption levels are socially suboptimal.
负外部性是强加给未参与经济交易的第三方的成本，如污染。正外部性是第三方享受的利益，如教育的广泛影响。由于市场价格没有反映这些外部成本或收益，生产和消费水平从社会角度看不是最优的。
9. Government Intervention Methods | 政府干预方法
To correct market failure, governments use a range of policies. Taxation can reduce negative externalities (e.g., sugar tax, carbon tax). Subsidies encourage activities with positive externalities (e.g., grants for renewable energy). Regulation and legislation set rules, such as banning smoking in public places.
为了纠正市场失灵，政府使用一系列政策。税收可以减少负外部性（如糖税、碳税）。补贴鼓励具有正外部性的活动（如可再生能源补助）。监管和立法制定规则，例如禁止在公共场所吸烟。
Other interventions include state provision of public goods like street lighting and national defence, as well as information campaigns to address information gaps. Governments must consider the cost and unintended consequences of intervention.
其他干预措施包括国家提供公共物品，如路灯和国防，以及开展信息宣传活动以解决信息不对称问题。政府必须考虑干预的成本和意外后果。
10. Macroeconomic Objectives and Indicators | 宏观经济目标与指标
Governments pursue key macroeconomic objectives: steady economic growth, low and stable inflation, low unemployment, and a sustainable balance of payments. They may also aim for a fairer distribution of income.
政府追求主要的宏观经济目标：稳定的经济增长、低而稳定的通货膨胀、低失业率和可持续的国际收支平衡。它们还可能以更公平的收入分配为目标。
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total value of output produced in an economy. Inflation is the sustained increase in the general price level, measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Unemployment refers to people who are willing and able to work but cannot find a job.
国内生产总值（GDP）衡量一个经济体生产的总产出价值。通货膨胀是总体价格水平的持续上升，用消费者价格指数（CPI）衡量。失业指那些愿意并有能力工作但找不到工作的人。
The balance of payments records all financial transactions between a country and the rest of the world. A current account deficit means a country spends more on imports, investment income and transfers than it earns from exports and transfers received.
国际收支平衡记录了一国与世界其他国家之间的所有金融交易。经常账户赤字意味着一国在进口、投资收入和转移支付上的支出超过了从出口和收到的转移支付中获得的收入。
11. International Trade and Globalisation | 国际贸易与全球化
International trade allows countries to specialise and exchange goods and services, increasing global output and living standards. The principle of comparative advantage shows that even if one country is more efficient in everything, trade can still benefit both sides.
国际贸易使各国能够专业化生产和交换商品与服务，提高全球总产出和生活水平。比较优势原理表明，即使一国在各方面都更高效，贸易仍然可以使双方受益。
Globalisation refers to the increasing integration of economies through trade, investment, migration and technology. It brings lower prices, more variety and faster innovation, but can also lead to job losses in some sectors and greater environmental pressure.
全球化是指通过贸易、投资、移民和技术使经济体日益一体化的过程。它带来了更低的价格、更多样化的选择和更快的创新，但也可能导致某些部门的失业和更大的环境压力。
12. Exchange Rates and Their Effects | 汇率及其影响
An exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. It can appreciate (get stronger) or depreciate (get weaker), affecting the cost of imports and exports.
汇率是一种货币以另一种货币表示的价格。它可以升值（变强）或贬值（变弱），影响进出口成本。
A depreciation makes exports cheaper and imports dearer, which may improve the trade balance but also raise inflation. An appreciation has the opposite effect. Exchange rates can be determined by floating forces, by government intervention or by a fixed peg.
贬值使出口更便宜、进口更昂贵，这可能会改善贸易平衡，但也会推高通胀。升值则产生相反效果。汇率可由浮动市场力量决定，也可由政府干预或固定挂钩决定。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图