📚 Year 10 OCR Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 OCR 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is the cornerstone of success in Year 10 OCR Science. Without a firm grasp of terminology, understanding exam questions and expressing ideas accurately becomes a struggle. This guide provides you with essential terms from Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, along with proven memorisation strategies to help you learn them quickly and retain them for exams.
掌握科学词汇是Year 10 OCR科学成功的基石。如果没有牢固掌握术语，理解考题和准确表达想法就会变得困难。本指南为您提供生物、化学和物理学科的核心术语，以及经过验证的快速记忆策略，帮助您快速学习并在考试中牢记内容。
1. Biology Key Terms: Cells & Transport | 生物核心术语：细胞与运输
In Year 10 Biology, you must be able to describe cell structures and explain how substances move in and out of cells. A clear understanding of organelles and their functions is essential for tackling topics like respiration, photosynthesis, and inheritance. The following terms are particularly high-yield for OCR exams.
在10年级生物学中，你必须能够描述细胞结构并解释物质如何进出细胞。清楚理解细胞器及其功能对于解决呼吸作用、光合作用和遗传等题目至关重要。以下术语在OCR考试中出现频率极高。
Nucleus – The control centre of the cell that houses DNA and directs protein synthesis and cell division.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心，含有DNA，并指导蛋白质合成和细胞分裂。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – Organelles that perform aerobic respiration, converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, the cell's energy currency.
线粒体 – 进行有氧呼吸的细胞器，将葡萄糖和氧气转化为ATP，即细胞的能量货币。
Ribosomes – Tiny structures that carry out protein synthesis by linking amino acids together.
核糖体 – 通过将氨基酸连接在一起来进行蛋白质合成的微小结构。
Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place.
细胞质 – 一种胶状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生。
Cell membrane – A selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
细胞膜 – 控制物质进出细胞的选择性渗透屏障。
Diffusion – The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
扩散 – 粒子从浓度较高区域沿浓度梯度向浓度较低区域的净移动。
Osmosis – The movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
渗透 – 水分子通过部分透膜从稀释溶液向较浓溶液的移动。
Active transport – The movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration.
主动运输 – 物质逆浓度梯度的移动，需要来自呼吸作用的能量。
2. Chemistry Key Terms: Atomic Structure & Bonding | 化学核心术语：原子结构与键合
Atomic structure and bonding form the foundation of Year 10 Chemistry. You will need to recall the charges and locations of subatomic particles, and distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding. Precision in using these terms is vital for writing balanced equations and explaining properties.
原子结构和键合是10年级化学的基础。你需要回忆亚原子粒子的电荷和位置，并区分离子键、共价键和金属键。准确使用这些术语对于书写配平方程式和解释性质至关重要。
Proton – A positively charged particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1.
质子 – 原子核中带正电荷的粒子，相对质量为1。
Neutron – A neutral particle in the nucleus, also with a relative mass of 1.
中子 – 原子核中的中性粒子，相对质量也为1。
Electron – A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus in shells; its relative mass is negligible.
电子 – 带负电荷的粒子，在核外电子层中运行；其相对质量可忽略不计。
Atomic number – The number of protons in an atom, which determines the element.
原子序数 – 原子中质子的数量，决定了元素的种类。
Mass number – The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
质量数 – 原子核中质子和中子的总数。
Ionic bond – The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed when electrons are transferred from a metal to a non‑metal.
离子键 – 相反电荷离子之间的静电引力，电子从金属转移到非金属时形成。
Covalent bond – A shared pair of electrons between two non‑metal atoms.
共价键 – 两个非金属原子之间共用的一对电子。
Ion – A charged particle produced when an atom gains or loses electrons. Cations are positive (e.g. Na⁺); anions are negative (e.g. Cl⁻).
离子 – 原子得到或失去电子时产生的带电粒子。阳离子带正电（如Na⁺）；阴离子带负电（如Cl⁻）。
3. Chemistry Key Terms: Reactions & Energy Changes | 化学核心术语：反应与能量变化
Chemical reactions and energy are intertwined in the OCR specification. You must be comfortable with terms linked to reaction rates, energy transfers, and the pH scale. These concepts help you interpret practical work and answer data-based questions.
化学反应与能量在OCR大纲中相互交织。你必须熟悉与反应速率、能量转移和pH标度相关的术语。这些概念可帮助您解读实验工作并回答基于数据的问题。
Activation energy – The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
活化能 – 反应发生所需的最低能量。
Exothermic reaction – A reaction that transfers thermal energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise (e.g. combustion).
放热反应 – 将热能传递到周围环境导致温度升高的反应（如燃烧）。
Endothermic reaction – A reaction that takes in thermal energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop (e.g. thermal decomposition).
吸热反应 – 从周围环境吸收热能导致温度下降的反应（如热分解）。
Catalyst – A substance that increases the rate of reaction without being used up, by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.
催化剂 – 通过提供较低活化能的替代途径来提高反应速率而自身不被消耗的物质。
Collision theory – For a reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation.
碰撞理论 – 反应发生需要粒子以足够的能量和正确的方向发生碰撞。
Acid – A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution, with a pH less than 7.
酸 – 在水溶液中释放氢离子（H⁺）、pH值小于7的物质。
Alkali – A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water, with a pH greater than 7.
碱 – 在水中释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻）、pH值大于7的可溶性碱。
Neutralisation – The reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and water: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
中和 – 酸与碱之间的反应，生成盐和水：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
4. Physics Key Terms: Forces & Motion | 物理核心术语：力与运动
Motion and forces are central to the Physics component of the OCR course. You will be expected to use equations, draw vector diagrams, and distinguish between scalar and vector quantities. Solid recall of these definitions prevents confusion in calculation questions.
运动和力是OCR物理部分的核心。你需要使用方程式、绘制矢量图，并区分标量和矢量。牢固记忆这些定义可避免在计算题中出现混淆。
Speed – The distance travelled per unit time; a scalar quantity measured in metres per second (m/s).
速度 – 单位时间内移动的距离；标量，单位为米/秒 (m/s)。
Velocity – Speed in a given direction; a vector quantity.
速率 – 给定方向上的速度；矢量。
Acceleration – The rate of change of velocity, measured in m/s².
加速度 – 速度的变化率，单位为m/s²。
Resultant force – The overall force acting on an object, calculated by considering the vector sum of all forces.
合力 – 作用在物体上的总力，通过所有力的矢量和计算得出。
Mass – The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg); it does not change with location.
质量 – 物体所含物质的量，单位为千克 (kg)；不随位置而改变。
Weight – ting on an object (Weight = mass × gravitational field strength), measured in newtons (N).
重量 – 重力作用在物体上的力（重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度），单位为牛顿 (N)。
Gravitational field strength (g) – The force per unit mass on the Earth's surface, approximately 9.8 N/kg.
重力场强度 (g) – 地球表面单位质量所受的力，约为9.8 N/kg。
Newton's Second Law – tly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass: F = m × a.
牛顿第二定律 – 物体的加速度与合外力成正比，与质量成反比：F = m × a。
5. Physics Key Terms: Electricity & Circuits | 物理核心术语：电与电路
Electricity is a favourite topic in OCR exams because it combines theory with practical circuit analysis. You must memorise the definitions of current, potential difference, and resistance, and apply them to series and parallel circuits. Clarity here will boost your confidence in 6‑mark questions.
电学是OCR考试中的常见主题，因为它将理论与实际电路分析相结合。你必须记住电流、电位差和电阻的定义，并将其应用于串联和并联电路。清晰地掌握这些内容将提高你在6分题中的信心。
Current (I) – The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a metal, it is the flow of electrons.
电流 (I) – 电荷流动的速率，单位为安培 (A)。在金属中即电子的流动。
Potential difference (V) – The work done per unit charge to move charge between two points, measured in volts (V).
电位差 (V) – 单位电荷在两点间移动时所做的功，单位为伏特 (V)。
Resistance (R) – A measure of how difficult it is for current to flow; measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻 (R) – 衡量电流流动难易程度的物理量；单位为欧姆 (Ω)。
Ohm's Law – l to the potential difference across it, provided temperature remains constant: V = I × R.
欧姆定律 – 在温度不变的条件下，通过导体的电流与其两端的电位差成正比：V = I × R。
Series circuit – A circuit with a single loop; current is the same everywhere, but potential difference is shared.
串联电路 – 只有一条回路的电路；各处电流相同，但电位差被分配。
Parallel circuit – A circuit with multiple branches; potential difference is the same across each branch, but current splits.
并联电路 – 有多条支路的电路；每条支路两端的电位差相同，但电流被分流。
Charge (Q) – A property of matter, measured in coulombs (C). Charge flow = current × time (Q = I × t).
电荷 (Q) – 物质的一种性质，单位为库仑 (C)。电荷量 = 电流 × 时间 (Q = I × t)。
6. Memorisation Technique: Acronyms & Mnemonics | 记忆技巧：首字母缩略词与助记法
Acronyms turn long lists into catchy phrases, making recall almost automatic. OCR examiners love to test key sequences, from life processes to the reactivity series. Creating your own mnemonics or adapting classic ones is a proven memory hack.
首字母缩略词将冗长的列表变成朗朗上口的短语，让回忆几乎不费吹灰之力。OCR考官喜欢测试关键序列，从生命过程到金属活动性顺序。创建自己的助记符或改编经典助记符是一种经过验证的记忆技巧。
MRS GREN – Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition. This mnemonic helps you remember the seven life processes common to all living organisms.
MRS GREN – 运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养。这个助记符帮你记住所有生物共有的七大生命过程。
OIL RIG – Oxidation Is Loss of electrons; Reduction Is Gain of electrons. Use it whenever you identify redox reactions.
OIL RIG – 氧化是失去电子；还原是得到电子。在鉴别氧化还原反应时使用它。
Reactivity series – Please Stop Little Callum Making A Zebra In The Lion's Cage Putting Gold Safely (Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper, Mercury, Silver, Gold). Customise the sentence to something memorable for you.
金属活动性顺序 – 请停止让小卡勒姆在狮子笼里制作斑马安全放置黄金（钾、钠、锂、钙、镁、铝、锌、铁、锡、铅、铜、汞、银、金）。将句子个性化以便自己记忆。
Electromagnetic spectrum – Roman Men Invented Very Unusual X‑ray Guns (Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X‑ray, Gamma). Adapt it to your own version.
电磁波谱 – 罗马人发明了非常不寻常的X射线枪（无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线）。改编成你自己的版本。
7. Visual Associations & Mind Maps | 视觉联想与思维导图
Your brain processes images faster than words. Linking an abstract term to a vivid picture or creating a mind map of related concepts strengthens neural pathways. This technique is especially effective for topics like cell organelles or bonding types.
大脑处理图像的速度比文字快。将抽象术语与生动的图像联系起来，或创建相关概念的思维导图，可增强神经通路。这种方法对细胞器或键合类型等主题特别有效。
For mitochondria, picture a power station inside the cell, with the folded inner membrane looking like a maze of energy‑generating corridors. This mental image reinforces the term 'powerhouse of the cell'.
针对线粒体，想象细胞内的发电站，其折叠的内膜看起来像一个发电走廊的迷宫。这一心理图像强化了“细胞的能量工厂”这一术语。
Draw an ionic bonding mind map: start with 'Ionic Bond' in the centre, then branch to 'metal + non‑metal', 'electron transfer', 'giant ionic lattice', 'high melting point', and 'conducts when molten'. Use colour to code each branch.
绘制离子键思维导图：中心写
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