📚 Year 10 OCR Science: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Guide | 公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook brings together the essential formulas and theorems for Year 10 OCR Science, spanning Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Use it to sharpen your recall, understand the relationships between quantities, and build confidence for your assessments.
这份速查手册汇集了 Year 10 OCR 科学课程中物理、化学和生物的关键公式与定理。用它来加强记忆、理清各物理量之间的关系，并提升你面对考试时的信心。
1. Speed and Acceleration | 速度与加速度
v = s ÷ t
Average speed (v) equals distance travelled (s) divided by time taken (t). The standard unit of speed is metres per second (m/s) when distance is in metres (m) and time in seconds (s).
平均速度 (v) 等于移动的距离 (s) 除以所用时间 (t)。当距离以米 (m)、时间以秒 (s) 为单位时，速度的标准单位为米每秒 (m/s)。
a = (v − u) ÷ t
Acceleration (a) is the rate of change of velocity. It is calculated as the change in velocity (final velocity v minus initial velocity u) divided by the time (t) taken for that change. Acceleration is measured in metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度 (a) 表示速度变化的快慢。它等于速度的变化量（末速度 v 减初速度 u）除以变化所用时间 (t)。加速度的单位是米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。
2. Newton's Second Law | 牛顿第二定律
F = m × a
The resultant force (F) acting on an object is equal to the object's mass (m) multiplied by its acceleration (a). Force is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg) and acceleration in m/s². This law explains that a larger force produces a larger acceleration, and a greater mass results in a smaller acceleration for the same force.
作用在物体上的合力 (F) 等于物体的质量 (m) 乘以其加速度 (a)。力的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量用于千克 (kg)，加速度单位是 m/s²。该定律说明，力越大加速度越大，而在相同力作用下，质量越大加速度越小。
3. Weight and Gravitational Field Strength | 重力与重力场强度
W = m × g
kg (often rounded to 10 N/kg in GCSE calculations). Weight is a force, measured in newtons (N).
重力 (W) 是由于引力作用在质量 (m) 上的力。它等于质量乘以重力场强度 (g)。在地球表面，g ≈ 9.8 N/kg（GCSE 计算中常取 10 N/kg）。重量是一种力，单位是牛顿 (N)。
4. Work Done and Power | 做功与功率
W = F × d
) in the direction of the force. The unit of work is the joule (J), where 1 J = 1 N × 1 m.
做功 (W) 是指力 (F) 使物体沿力的方向移动一段距离 (d) 时所转移的能量。功的单位是焦耳 (J)，1 J = 1 N × 1 m。
P = W ÷ t
uals work done (W) divided by time (t). Power is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率 (P) 是做功或能量转移的快慢程度。它等于做的功 (W) 除以时间 (t)。功率的单位是瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。
5. Kinetic and Gravitational Potential Energy | 动能与重力势能
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Kinetic energy (Eₖ) is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on mass (m) and the square of its speed (v²). Eₖ is measured in joules (J), m in kg and v in m/s.
动能 (Eₖ) 是物体由于运动而具有的能量。它取决于质量 (m) 和速度的平方 (v²)。Eₖ 的单位是焦耳 (J)，质量用 kg，速度用 m/s。
Eₚ = m g h
ional field strength (g) × height (h). Eₚ is measured in joules (J), with h in metres (m).
重力势能 (Eₚ) 是物体因其离地高度而储存的能量。它等于质量 (m) × 重力场强度 (g) × 高度 (h)。Eₚ 的单位是焦耳 (J)，高度 h 用米 (m)。
6. Ohm's Law and Resistance | 欧姆定律与电阻
V = I × R
Ohm's law states that the potential difference (V) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it, provided temperature remains constant. V is measured in volts (V), I in amperes (A), and R in ohms (Ω).
欧姆定律表明，在温度不变的条件下，导体两端的电势差 (V) 与流过它的电流 (I) 成正比。电势差 V 的单位是伏特 (V)，电流 I 的单位是安培 (A)，电阻 R 的单位是欧姆 (Ω)。
R = V ÷ I
Resistance (R) can be calculated as the ratio of potential difference to current. A high resistance means a smaller current for a given voltage.
电阻 (R) 可由电势差与电流之比计算得出。电阻高意味着在相同电压下电流更小。
7. Electrical Power and Energy Transfer | 电功率与能量转移
P = I × V
Electrical power (P) in a circuit is the product of current (I) and potential difference (V). Power is measured in watts (W), equivalent to joules per second.
电路中的电功率 (P) 等于电流 (I) 与电势差 (V) 的乘积。功率的单位是瓦特 (W)，相当于焦耳每秒。
E = P × t or E = I × V × t
measured in joules (J). In domestic use, energy is also measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
用电器转移的能量 (E) 等于功率 (P) 乘以时间 (t)，也等于 I × V × t。能量的单位是焦耳 (J)。在日常生活中，电能也常用千瓦时 (kWh) 来计量。
8. Density | 密度
ρ = m ÷ V
Density (ρ, the Greek letter rho) is mass (m) per unit volume (V). It is commonly expressed in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m³) or grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm³). An object's density determines whether it will float or sink in a fluid.
密度 (ρ，希腊字母 rho) 是单位体积 (V) 内的质量 (m)。常用单位是千克每立方米 (kg/m³) 或克每立方厘米 (g/cm³)。物体的密度决定了它在流体中的沉浮。
9. Specific Heat Capacity | 比热容
ΔE = m c Δθ
The change in thermal energy (ΔE) of a substance depends on its mass (m), its specific heat capacity (c) and the temperature change (Δθ). c is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 °C, measured in J/(kg °C). ΔE is in joules (J).
物质内能的变化量 (ΔE) 取决于其质量 (m)、比热容 (c) 和温度变化 (Δθ)。c 是使 1 kg 物质升高 1 °C 所需的能量，单位是 J/(kg °C)。ΔE 的单位是焦耳 (J)。
10. Magnification (Biology) | 放大率（生物）
M = image size ÷ actual size
Magnification (M) tells you how many times larger an image is compared to the real object. It has no units because it is a ratio. The image size and actual size must be in the same unit (usually mm or µm).
放大率 (M) 表示所成图像比实物放大了多少倍。它是比值，因此没有单位。图像尺寸和实物实际尺寸必须使用相同的单位（通常为 mm 或 µm）。
11. Relative Formula Mass and Moles (Chemistry) | 相对分子质量与摩尔（化学）
n = m ÷ Mᵣ
The amount of substance (n, in moles) equals the mass of the substance (m, in grams) divided by its relative formula mass (Mᵣ). Mᵣ is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula and has units of g/mol.
物质的量 (n，单位为摩尔) 等于物质的质量 (m，单位克) 除以它的相对分子质量 (Mᵣ)。Mᵣ 是化学式中所有原子的相对原子质量总和，单位为 g/mol。
12. Concentration of Solutions | 溶液浓度
c = n ÷ V (mol/dm³)
Concentration in moles per cubic decimetre (mol/dm³) is given by the number of moles of solute (n) divided by the volume of solution (V) in dm³. This is often called molar concentration.
摩尔浓度 (mol/dm³) 等于溶质的物质的量 (n) 除以溶液的体积 (V，单位 dm³)。这通常称为摩尔浓度。
mass concentration (g/dm³) = m ÷ V
Concentration can also be expressed as mass concentration: mass of solute (m, in grams) per unit volume (V, in dm³). Use the same volume unit carefully; converting cm³ to dm³ involves dividing by 1000.
浓度也可用质量浓度表示：单位体积 (V，dm³) 内溶质的质量 (m，单位克)。使用时需注意体积单位换算；将 cm³ 转换为 dm³ 需除以 1000。
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