📚 Year 10 CCEA Sociology: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 CCEA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key sociological terms is essential for making sense of social structures, processes, and issues. This revision guide provides clear definitions, examples, and memory tricks for core concepts that Year 10 CCEA Sociology students need to know. Each term is presented with parallel English and Chinese explanations to reinforce understanding and aid quick recall.
掌握关键的社会学术语对于理解社会结构、社会过程和社会问题至关重要。本速记指南为 Year 10 CCEA 社会学学生提供了核心概念的清晰定义、实例和记忆技巧。每个术语都配以英文与中文对应解释，以强化理解、帮助快速记忆。
1. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, customs, and ideologies of their society. It begins at birth and continues throughout life, shaping our personality and behaviour.
社会化是个体学习其社会规范、价值观、习俗和意识形态的终身过程。它从出生开始并持续终生，塑造着我们的个性和行为。
To remember this term, break it into 'social' + 'isation' — literally the process of becoming social. Primary socialisation occurs in the family, while secondary socialisation happens in schools, peer groups, and the media. Key agents include family, education, peer groups, and mass media, each influencing us at different life stages.
要记住这个术语，可以拆分为“社交”+“化”——字面意思是变得社会化的过程。初级社会化发生在家庭，而次级社会化发生在学校、同龄群体和媒体中。关键主体包括家庭、教育、同龄群体和大众媒体，它们在人生不同阶段影响着我们。
2. Norms | 规范
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society. They vary across cultures and change over time, providing predictability and order in social interactions.
规范是指在一个群体或社会中被认为可接受的不成文行为规则。它们因文化而异，并随时间变化，为社会互动提供了可预测性和秩序。
A helpful memory hook: norms guide our 'normal' behaviour. For instance, queuing in the UK is a norm, whereas in other cultures it may not be expected. Breaking a norm often leads to informal sanctions like disapproval or ridicule.
一个有用的记忆方法：规范指引我们的“正常”行为。例如，在英国排队是一种规范，而在其他文化中可能并非如此。违反规范常常导致非正式制裁，如不赞同或嘲笑。
3. Values | 价值观
Values are the deep-seated beliefs about what is right, wrong, desirable, or undesirable in a society. They underpin norms and shape the moral compass of a culture.
价值观是关于社会中是非好坏、可欲或不可欲的深层信念。它们是规范的基础，并塑造一种文化的道德指南针。
Think of values as what we 'value' most. For example, the value of respect for elders gives rise to norms like giving up a seat on public transport. Values can be influenced by religion, politics, and tradition, and they often form the core of a society's identity.
把价值观想象成我们最为“珍视”的东西。例如，尊重长者的价值观催生了在公共交通上让座这一规范。价值观受宗教、政治和传统影响，并且往往构成社会认同的核心。
4. Culture | 文化
Culture refers to the shared way of life of a group of people, including their language, beliefs, customs, dress, and artefacts. It is transmitted across generations through the process of socialisation.
文化是指一群人共享的生活方式，包括他们的语言、信仰、习俗、服饰和人造物品。它通过社会化过程代代相传。
Remember culture as the 'lens' through which we see the world. It can be material (technology, buildings) or non-material (norms, values). Subcultures exist within a larger culture, sharing distinct norms and values while still belonging to the wider society.
将文化记忆为看待世界的“透镜”。文化可以是物质的（技术、建筑）或非物质的（规范、价值观）。亚文化存在于较大文化之中，共享独特的规范和价值观，同时仍属于更广泛的社会。
5. Role | 角色
A role is the expected behaviour associated with a particular social status or position. Each person occupies multiple roles simultaneously, such as student, daughter, or friend.
角色是与特定社会地位或位置相联系的预期行为。每个人都同时扮演多重角色，如学生、女儿或朋友。
Visualise a role as a script in a play — society tells you how to act based on your position. Role conflict arises when the demands of different roles clash (e.g., being both a student and an employee), while role strain refers to tension within a single role (e.g., a teacher managing workload).
将角色想象成剧本——社会根据你的位置告诉你如何表演。当不同角色的要求发生冲突时便产生角色冲突（如同时是学生和雇员），而角色紧张则指单一角色内部产生的压力（如教师应对工作负担）。
6. Status | 地位
Status is the social position a person holds, which carries certain rights and duties. It can be ascribed or achieved, and a person's status set includes all the statuses they occupy at one time.
地位是一个人持有的社会位置，带有一定的权利和义务。地位可以是先赋的或自致的，一个人的地位丛包括他们在某一时间所占据的所有地位。
Think of status as your 'social label' — it can be given to you or earned. A master status is the most important status that defines a person, often outweighing others in social settings (e.g., 'doctor' may overshadow 'mother' in a professional context).
将地位想象成你的“社会标签”——它可以是赋予的或赢得的。首要地位是定义一个人的最重要地位，在社交场合往往压过其他地位（例如，在职业语境中，“医生”可能盖过“母亲”）。
7. Ascribed Status | 先赋地位
Ascribed status is a social position assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. Examples include sex, ethnicity, and social class background. It is largely determined by biology or inheritance and can significantly influence life chances.
先赋地位是在出生时或被非自愿地赋予的社会位置。例子包括性别、种族和出身社会阶级。它主要由生物学或血统决定，并可能显著影响人生机会。
To recall the term, note that 'ascribed' sounds like 'a script' — it is written for you, not chosen. Even in an open society, ascribed statuses like family wealth can shape access to education and resources.
要记住这个术语，注意“先赋”(ascribed) 听起来像“一个剧本”(a script)——是为你写好的，而非自己选择的。即使在开放社会中，像家庭财富这样的先赋地位也会影响获得教育和资源的机会。
8. Achieved Status | 自致地位
Achieved status is a social position that a person attains through their own efforts, choices, or accomplishments. It reflects personal merit and is more flexible in an open society.
自致地位是通过个人努力、选择或成就获得的社会位置。它反映个人才干，在开放社会中更为灵活。
Remember: achieved status is something you 'achieve' — it is earned. Examples include becoming a doctor, athlete, or even a criminal (resulting from actions). Education is a key pathway to achieving status, as qualifications open doors to various careers.
记忆：自致地位就是你“取得”的——是赢得的。例子包括成为医生、运动员，或因行为成为罪犯。教育是获得地位的关键途径，因为学历为各种职业打开了大门。
9. Agents of Socialisation | 社会化主体
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups, and institutions that teach individuals the norms and values of society. Primary agents include family, schools, peer groups, mass media, and religion.
社会化主体是教导个体社会规范与价值观的个人、群体和机构。主要主体包括家庭、学校、同龄群体、大众媒体和宗教。
Think of agents as 'teachers' of social rules. The family provides primary socialisation through love and discipline. Schools deliver secondary socialisation via the formal curriculum and the hidden curriculum (e.g., punctuality, obedience). Peers and media further shape identity and attitudes.
把主体想象成社会规则的“教师”。家庭通过关爱和纪律提供初级社会化。学校通过正式课程和隐性课程（如守时、服从）进行次级社会化。同龄群体和媒体进一步塑造认同与态度。
10. Social Control | 社会控制
Social control refers to the mechanisms and institutions used to regulate individual and group behaviour, ensuring conformity to norms and rules. It can be formal or informal.
社会控制是指用来规范个人和群体行为以确保遵守规范与规则的机制和制度。它可以是正式的或非正式的。
A quick memory aid: social control keeps society 'in check'. It maintains social order and prevents deviance by applying sanctions — rewards for conformity and punishments for non-conformity. Without social control, societies would struggle to function cohesively.
快速记忆法：社会控制使社会“处于受控状态”。它通过实施制裁——对服从给予奖励，对违反给予惩罚——来维护社会秩序并防止越轨。没有社会控制，社会将难以凝聚运转。
11. Formal Social Control | 正式社会控制
Formal social control is carried out by authorised agents, such as the police, courts, and government, using written rules and laws. It is impersonal and intended to be impartial.
正式社会控制由授权的机构，如警察、法院和政府，依据成文规则和法律实施。它较为非人格化，旨在公正。
Recall that 'formal' means official — like a formal warning from a teacher. Sanctions include fines, imprisonment, and community service. The criminal justice system is a clear example, where formal sanctions uphold legal codes and social order.
记住，“正式”意味着官方——就像老师给出的正式警告。制裁包括罚款、监禁和社区服务。刑事司法系统是一个明显例子，其中的正式制裁维护着法律准则和社会秩序。
12. Informal Social Control | 非正式社会控制
Informal social control is exercised by peer groups, family, and community through disapproval, ridicule, gossip, or ostracism. It is based on unwritten norms and is often more immediate and personal.
非正式社会控制由同龄群体、家庭和社区通过不赞同、嘲笑、闲话或排斥来实施。它基于不成文的规范，通常更加直接和个人化。
Think 'in' the group — informal control works through peer pressure and social relationships. For example, friends might tease someone for wearing unconventional clothing, encouraging conformity without formal rules. It is highly effective because people value belonging and acceptance.
想象“在”群体内部——非正式控制通过同伴压力和社会关系起作用。例如，朋友可能因某人穿着怪异而取笑他，在无需正式规则的情况下鼓励服从规范。它非常有效，因为人们珍视归属感和接纳。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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