📚 Year 10 OCR Physics: Glossary & Memory Guide | 10年级OCR物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terms in OCR GCSE Physics is essential for understanding concepts and achieving top marks. This glossary provides clear definitions, paired with memory tips and Chinese translations, to help Year 10 students learn and recall the most important physics vocabulary across all topics. Let's dive into each topic, building your confidence in using scientific language accurately.
掌握OCR GCSE物理中的关键术语是理解概念并取得高分的基础。本词汇表提供清晰的定义，配合记忆技巧和中文翻译，帮助10年级学生学习和复习各个主题中最重要的物理词汇。通过逐章梳理，让你自信地准确使用科学语言。
1. Energy Stores and Systems | 能量储存与系统
System – A single object or a group of objects that you are interested in studying. Everything outside the system is the surroundings. A closed system has no net change in total energy.
系统 – 你感兴趣研究的单个物体或一组物体。系统之外的一切称为环境。在封闭系统中，总能量没有净变化。
Energy Store – A way in which energy can be held by a system. The main stores are kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal (internal), chemical, nuclear, magnetic, and electrostatic.
能量储存 – 能量被系统容纳的方式。主要储存形式有动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能(内能)、化学能、核能、磁能和静电。
Kinetic Energy – The energy of a moving object. It depends on mass and speed squared: Eₖ = ½ m v².
动能 – 运动物体的能量。它取决于质量和速度的平方：Eₖ = ½ m v²。
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) – Energy stored due to an object' bove the ground. GPE = m g h, where g is gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg on Earth).
重力势能 – 因物体离地高度而储存的能量。GPE = m g h，其中g为引力场强(地球上约 9.8 N/kg)。
Elastic Potential Energy – or compressed spring. Eₑ = ½ k e², where k is the spring constant and e is the extension.
弹性势能 – 储存在拉伸或压缩的弹簧中的能量。Eₑ = ½ k e²，其中k为弹簧常数，e为伸长量。
Thermal (Internal) Energy – The total kinetic and potential energy of the particles in a substance. It increases with temperature and mass.
热能(内能) – 物质中粒子的总动能和势能。它随温度和质量增大而增加。
Chemical Energy – Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. It is released during chemical reactions, e.g. in food, fuels, or batteries.
化学能 – 储存在化合物化学键中的能量。在化学反应中释放，例如食物、燃料或电池中。
Nuclear Energy – Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. It can be released by nuclear fission, fusion, or radioactive decay.
核能 – 储存在原子核中的能量。可通过核裂变、核聚变或放射性衰变释放。
Magnetic and Electrostatic Energy – Energy stored in magnetic fields (e.g. between magnets) or in electric fields (e.g. between charged objects).
磁能与静电能量 – 储存于磁场(如磁体之间)或电场(如带电体之间)的能量。
2. Energy Transfers and Power | 能量转移与功率
Energy Transfer – The process of moving energy from one store to another. Pathways include mechanically (by forces), electrically, by heating, or by radiation.
能量转移 – 将能量从一种储存形式转移到另一种的过程。途径包括通过力做功、电流、加热或辐射。
Work Done – ce moves an object. Work done = force × distance (in the direction of the force): W = F d.
做功 – 当力使物体移动时转移的能量。做功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离: W = F d。
Power – red or work is done. Power = energy transferred / time = W/t. Unit: watt (W), 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率 – 能量转移或做功的速率。功率 = 转移的能量 / 时间 = W/t。单位: 瓦特(W)，1 W = 1 J/s。
Efficiency – l output energy / total input energy. It has no unit and can be expressed as a percentage.
效率 – 总输入能量中被有效转移的比例。效率 = 有用输出能量 / 总输入能量。无单位，可表示为百分比。
Conduction – Transfer of thermal energy through a solid by collisions between vibrating particles, without the material itself moving.
热传导 – 通过固体中振动粒子之间的碰撞传递热能， 物质本身不发生移动。
Convection – Transfer of thermal energy in fluids (liquids and gases) by the movement of the fluid itself. Warmer, less dense fluid rises, while cooler fluid sinks.
热对流 – 流体(液体和气体)中通过流体自身运动传递热能。较热、密度较小的流体上升，较冷流体下沉。
Radiation – Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves (mainly infrared). It can travel through a vacuum and does not require particles.
热辐射 – 通过电磁波(主要是红外线)传递能量。可以在真空中传播，不需要介质。
Sankey Diagram – A visual representation of energy transfers, where arrow widths are proportional to the amount of energy. It shows useful and wasted energy flows.
Sankey图 – 能量转移的可视化表示，箭头宽度与能量大小成正比。显示有用和浪费的能量流。
3. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Current – The rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A). In a circuit, conventional current flows from positive to negative.
电流 – 电荷流动的速率， 单位为安培(A)。在电路中， 常规电流方向由正到负。
Potential Difference (Voltage) – The energy transferred per unit charge passing between two points. It is measured in volts (V). 1 V means 1 joule per coulomb.
电压(电位差) – 单位电荷经过两点之间转移的能量， 单位为伏特(V)。1 V表示每库仑1焦耳。
Resistance – t opposes the flow of current. Resistance = potential difference / current. Unit: ohm (Ω).
电阻 – 衡量元件对电流阻碍作用的物理量。电阻 = 电压 / 电流， 单位: 欧姆(Ω)。
Ohm's Law – ture, the current is directly proportional to the potential difference across it: V = I R.
欧姆定律 – 对于恒定温度下的固定电阻， 电流与两端电压成正比: V = I R。
Charge – erience a force in an electric field. Charge = current × time: Q = I t. Unit: coulomb (C).
电荷 – 物质在电场中受力的属性。电荷 = 电流 × 时间: Q = I t， 单位: 库仑(C)。
Series Circuit – A circuit where components are connected end-to-end, giving only one path for the current. Current is the same everywhere; the total p.d. is shared.
串联电路 – 元件首尾相接， 电流只有一条路径的电路。各处电流相同; 总电压由各元件分担。
Parallel Circuit – A circuit where components are connected on separate branches. The current splits between branches, but the p.d. across each branch is the same.
并联电路 – 元件连接在不同支路上的电路。电流在各支路分流， 但各支路两端电压相同。
4. Circuit Components | 电路元件
Fixed Resistor – A component with a constant resistance. Its current–potential difference graph is a straight line through the origin (ohmic conductor).
固定电阻 – 电阻恒定的元件。其电流-电压图像为过原点的直线(欧姆导体)。
Variable Resistor – A resistor whose resistance can be changed, allowing control of current or voltage in a circuit.
可变电阻 – 电阻可调节的元件， 用于控制电路中的电流或电压。
Thermistor – A temperature-dependent resistor. As temperature increases, its resistance decreases (negative temperature coefficient). Used in temperature sensors.
热敏电阻 – 阻值随温度变化的电阻。温度升高时， 电阻下降(负温度系数)。用于温度传感器。
Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) – A resistor whose resistance decreases when light intensity increases. Used in light-sensing circuits.
光敏电阻(LDR) – 电阻随光照强度增大而减小的元件。用于光感电路。
Diode – A component that only allows current to flow in one direction. It has very high resistance in the reverse direction.
二极管 – 只允许电流单向导通的元件。反向时电阻极大。
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) – A diode that emits light when current flows through it. It is more energy-efficient than filament bulbs.
发光二极管(LED) – 有电流通过时会发光的二极管， 比灯丝灯泡更节能。
Fuse – A safety device that melts and breaks the circuit if the current exceeds a certain value, preventing overheating.
保险丝 – 一种安全装置， 当电流超过规定值时会熔断， 断开电路以防止过热。
5. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
Density – The mass per unit volume of a substance. density = mass / volume: ρ = m / V. Unit: kg/m³.
密度 – 单位体积物质的质量。密度 = 质量 / 体积: ρ = m / V， 单位: kg/m³。
States of Matter – Solid (fixed shape and volume, particles vibrate in fixed positions), liquid (fixed volume but takes shape of container, particles move past each other), gas (fills container, particles move freely and quickly).
物质状态 – 固态(形状和体积固定，粒子在固定位置振动)，液态(体积固定但形状随容器，粒子可滑动)，气态(充满容器，粒子自由快速运动)。
Internal Energy – The total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system. Heating increases internal energy, raising temperature or causing a change of state.
内能 – 系统中所有粒子的总动能和势能。加热增加内能，使温度升高或引起物态变化。
Specific Heat Capacity – unt of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. ΔE = m c Δθ.
比热容 – 使1 kg物质温度升高1 °C所需的能量。ΔE = m c Δθ。
Specific Latent Heat – ing its temperature. Latent heat of fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling). ΔE = m L.
比潜热 – 不改变温度的情况下使1 kg物质改变状态所需的能量。包括熔化潜热和汽化潜热。ΔE = m L。
Pressure in Gases – Caused by particles colliding with container walls. Increasing temperature or decreasing volume raises pressure (for a fixed mass of gas).
气体压强 – 由粒子撞击容器壁产生。提高温度或减小体积会增大压强(对一定质量气体)。
6. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity | 原子结构与放射性
Atom – The smallest part of an element. Composed of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons in energy levels.
原子 – 元素的最小部分。由原子核(质子和中子)及按能级分布的电子构成。
Atomic Number (Z) – The number of protons in the nucleus. It defines the element.
原子序数(Z) – 原子核中的质子数，决定元素的种类。
Mass Number (A) – The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
质量数(A) – 原子核中质子与中子的总数。
Isotope – Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Same atomic number, different mass number.
同位素 – 质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子。原子序数相同，质量数不同。
Radioactive Decay – The random process by which unstable nuclei emit radiation to become more stable. It is spontaneous and cannot be influenced by external conditions.
放射性衰变 – 不稳定原子核通过发射辐射而趋于稳定的随机过程。它是自发的，不受外界条件影响。
Alpha Particle – A helium nucleus (2 protons + 2 neutrons), strongly ionising but stopped by a few cm of air or paper.
α粒子 – 氦原子核(2质子+2中子)，电离能力强，但能被几厘米空气或一张纸挡住。
Beta Particle – A fast-moving electron emitted from the nucleus. Moderately ionising, stopped by a few mm of aluminium.
β粒子 – 从核内发射的高速电子，电离能力中等，被几毫米铝片阻挡。
Gamma Ray – Electromagnetic radiation with very high energy. Weakly ionising but highly penetrating; reduced by thick lead or concrete.
γ射线 – 高能电磁辐射，电离能力弱但穿透力极强，需厚铅板或混凝土阻挡。
Half-Life – The time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei in a sample to halve. It is constant for a given isotope.
半衰期 – 样品中放射性原子核数量减少一半所需的时间。对特定同位素，半衰期是常数。
Activity – which a radioactive source decays, measured in becquerels (Bq). 1 Bq = 1 decay per second.
活度 – 放射源衰变的速率，单位为贝克勒尔(Bq)，1 Bq = 每秒1次衰变。
7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Scalar – A physical quantity that has magnitude only, e.g. speed, distance, mass, energy.
标量 – 只有大小的物理量，例如速率、路程、质量、能量。
Vector – A quantity that has both magnitude and direction, e.g. velocity, displacement, force, acceleration, momentum.
矢量 – 既有大小又有方向的量，如速度、位移、力、加速度、动量。
Speed – The distance travelled per unit time: speed = distance / time (s = d / t). Scalar.
速率 – 单位时间通过的距离: 速率 = 路程 / 时间 (s = d / t)。标量。
Velocity – Speed in a given direction. Velocity = displacement / time. Vector.
速度 – 有方向的速度。速度 = 位移 / 时间。矢量。
Acceleration – f velocity: a = (v - u) / t, where u is initial velocity, v is final velocity. Unit: m/s².
加速度 – 速度变化的快慢: a = (v - u) / t，其中u为初速度，v为末速度。单位: m/s²。
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图