📚 Year 10 CCEA Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 10 CCEA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of computing is the first step towards excelling in CCEA GCSE Computer Science. This guide breaks down essential terms into logical groups, using memorable contexts, word associations, and cross-references to help you internalise the vocabulary quickly and confidently. Each key term is presented in English and Chinese, followed by a concise explanation that links directly to the syllabus.
掌握计算机语言是在 CCEA GCSE 计算机科学中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南将基本术语分成逻辑组，利用记忆语境、单词联想和交叉引用来帮助你快速、自信地内化这些词汇。每个关键术语均以中英双语呈现，并附有直接联系考纲的简明解释。
1. Hardware Components | 硬件组件
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the brain of the computer that executes instructions. It contains the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU).
中央处理器 (CPU) – 计算机执行指令的大脑，包含算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 和控制单元 (CU)。
Random Access Memory (RAM) – volatile memory that stores data and instructions currently in use. When power is lost, data disappears.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) – 易失性存储器，存储当前正在使用的数据和指令。断电后数据消失。
Read Only Memory (ROM) – non-volatile memory that retains data even without power; used to store firmware like the BIOS.
只读存储器 (ROM) – 非易失性存储器，断电也能保留数据；用于存储 BIOS 等固件。
Motherboard – the main circuit board that connects all components, allowing communication between CPU, RAM, and peripherals.
主板 – 连接所有组件的主电路板，允许 CPU、RAM 和外设之间通信。
Secondary Storage – permanent storage such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD), Solid State Drives (SSD), and optical discs. Much slower than RAM but holds data permanently.
辅助存储器 – 永久存储器，如硬盘驱动器 (HDD)、固态驱动器 (SSD) 和光盘。速度远慢于 RAM，但可永久保存数据。
2. Software Categories | 软件分类
System Software – programs needed for the computer to manage its own resources and run application software. Includes operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility software (antivirus, disk defragmenter).
系统软件 – 计算机管理自身资源和运行应用软件所需的程序。包括操作系统（Windows、macOS、Linux）和实用软件（杀毒软件、磁盘碎片整理）。
Application Software – programs that allow users to perform specific tasks, e.g., word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, games.
应用软件 – 允许用户执行特定任务的程序，例如文字处理、电子表格、网页浏览器、游戏。
Open Source Software – software whose source code is freely available, allowing users to modify and distribute it (e.g., Linux, LibreOffice).
开源软件 – 源代码免费提供的软件，允许用户修改和分发（如 Linux、LibreOffice）。
Proprietary Software – software owned by an individual or company; source code is not shared. Usually requires a paid license (e.g., Microsoft Office).
专有软件 – 归个人或公司所有的软件，源代码不公开，通常需要付费许可证（如 Microsoft Office）。
Firmware – software embedded into hardware to control it, stored in ROM or flash memory. Think of it as 'middleware' between hardware and software.
固件 – 嵌入硬件中以控制硬件的软件，存储在 ROM 或闪存中。可视为硬件与软件之间的“中间件”。
3. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary – a base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1. All computer data is represented in binary.
二进制 – 基数为 2 的数字系统，仅用 0 和 1 表示。所有计算机数据均以二进制表示。
Bit – the smallest unit of data in a computer, a single binary digit (0 or 1).
比特 (位) – 计算机中最小的数据单位，一个二进制数字（0 或 1）。
Byte – a group of 8 bits, often representing one character of text.
字节 – 由 8 个比特组成，通常代表一个文本字符。
Hexadecimal – a base‑16 number system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F. Used as a shorthand for binary, because one hex digit represents 4 bits.
十六进制 – 基数为 16 的数字系统，使用数字 0–9 和字母 A–F。作为二进制的简写，一个十六进制位代表 4 个比特。
Pixel – the smallest addressable element in a raster image, short for 'Picture Element'. Its colour is typically represented by a binary code.
像素 – 光栅图像中最小的可寻址元素，是 “Picture Element” 的缩写。其颜色通常用二进制代码表示。
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange; a character encoding standard that uses 7 bits to represent 128 characters, including letters, digits, and symbols.
ASCII – 美国信息交换标准代码；一种字符编码标准，用 7 个比特表示 128 个字符，包括字母、数字和符号。
4. Networks Basics | 网络基础
LAN (Local Area Network) – a network that connects computers within a small geographical area, like a school or office building.
局域网 (LAN) – 在小地理区域内（如学校或办公楼）连接计算机的网络。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – a network spanning a large area, connecting LANs across cities or countries; the Internet is the largest WAN.
广域网 (WAN) – 覆盖大面积区域的网络，连接跨城市或国家的局域网；互联网是最大的广域网。
Router – a device that forwards data packets between networks, often used to connect a home LAN to the Internet.
路由器 – 在网络之间转发数据包的设备，通常用于将家庭局域网连接到互联网。
Switch – a networking device that connects devices within a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data only to the intended recipient.
交换机 – 连接局域网内设备的网络设备，利用 MAC 地址仅向目标接收方转发数据。
IP Address – a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, used to locate and identify it. Example: 192.168.1.10
IP 地址 – 分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签，用于定位和识别。例如：192.168.1.10
MAC Address – a unique hardware identification number tied to a network interface card (NIC); it never changes and is assigned at the factory.
MAC 地址 – 与网络接口卡 (NIC) 绑定的唯一硬件识别号；出厂时分配且不会改变。
5. The Internet and the Web | 互联网与万维网
Internet – a global network of interconnected networks that use the TCP/IP protocol suite to communicate.
互联网 – 使用 TCP/IP 协议族通信的、互连网络的全球网络。
World Wide Web (WWW) – a collection of web pages accessed via the Internet using HTTP/HTTPS. Remember: the Internet is the infrastructure; the Web is the service.
万维网 (WWW) – 通过 HTTP/HTTPS 经由互联网访问的网页集合。记住：互联网是基础设施；Web 是服务。
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – the address of a specific web page or resource on the Internet. Example: https://www.aleveler.com/notes
统一资源定位符 (URL) – 互联网上特定网页或资源的地址。例如：https://www.aleveler.com/notes
DNS (Domain Name System) – the service that translates human‑friendly domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses. Think of it as the phonebook of the Internet.
域名系统 (DNS) – 将人类友好的域名（如 google.com）转换为 IP 地址的服务。可视为互联网的电话簿。
HTTP/HTTPS – HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure); protocols for transmitting web pages. HTTPS encrypts data for safer communication.
HTTP/HTTPS – 超文本传输协议（安全）；传输网页的协议。HTTPS 加密数据以实现更安全的通信。
6. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
Algorithm – a step‑by‑step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem. Algorithms can be expressed using flowcharts or pseudocode.
算法 – 逐步解决问题的步骤或规则集。算法可用流程图或伪代码表示。
Variable – a named storage location in memory that holds a value which can change during program execution.
变量 – 内存中命名的存储位置，保存的值可在程序执行期间改变。
Constant – a named storage location whose value cannot be changed once the program starts running. Improves code readability.
常量 – 命名的存储位置，一旦程序开始运行其值就不能更改。提高代码可读性。
Input / Output – communication between the user and the program. Input devices (keyboard, mouse, sensor) feed data in; output devices (monitor, printer) show results.
输入 / 输出 – 用户与程序之间的通信。输入设备（键盘、鼠标、传感器）传入数据；输出设备（显示器、打印机）显示结果。
Sequence, Selection, Iteration – the three fundamental programming constructs. Sequence: executing instructions in order. Selection: making decisions (IF...THEN...ELSE). Iteration: repeating code (FOR, WHILE loops).
顺序、选择、迭代 – 三种基本编程结构。顺序：按顺序执行指令。选择：做决策（IF...THEN...ELSE）。迭代：重复执行代码（FOR、WHILE 循环）。
Pseudocode – a plain‑language description of an algorithm, not bound by syntax of any particular programming language. Used for planning.
伪代码 – 算法的通俗语言描述，不受任何特定编程语言语法限制。用于规划。
7. Data Structures and Types | 数据结构与类型
Integer – a whole number without a decimal part, e.g., -3, 0, 42.
整数 – 没有小数部分的整数，例如 -3、0、42。
Float / Real – a number with a decimal point, e.g., 3.14, -0.5. Used when precision is needed.
浮点数 / 实数 – 带小数点的数，例如 3.14、-0.5。需要精度时使用。
String – a sequence of characters (letters, digits, symbols) used to represent text. Usually enclosed in quotation marks.
字符串 – 用于表示文本的字符（字母、数字、符号）序列。通常放在引号中。
Boolean – a data type that can only hold two possible values: TRUE or FALSE. Often the result of comparisons.
布尔值 – 只能保存两种可能值的数据类型：TRUE 或 FALSE。常为比较的结果。
Array – a data structure that stores a fixed number of elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations. Each element is accessed by its index (typically starting at 0).
数组 – 一种数据结构，在连续的内存位置中存储固定数量的相同类型元素。每个元素通过索引（通常从 0 开始）访问。
List – similar to an array but usually dynamic in size. In some languages, 'list' refers to an array that can grow and shrink.
列表 – 类似于数组，但大小通常是动态的。在某些语言中，“列表”指可以增长和缩小的数组。
8. Translators and Programming Errors | 翻译器与编程错误
Translator – a program that converts source code into machine code. Includes compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.
翻译器 – 将源代码转换为机器码的程序。包括编译器、解释器和汇编器。
Compiler – translates the entire high‑level language program into machine code in one go. The compiled code runs faster but is designed for a specific processor.
编译器 – 一次性将整个高级语言程序翻译成机器码。编译后的代码运行更快，但针对特定处理器设计。
Interpreter – translates and executes high‑level code line‑by‑line. Slower execution but easier for debugging.
解释器 – 逐行翻译并执行高级代码。执行较慢但调试更容易。
Syntax Error – a mistake in the rules of the programming language, e.g., missing semicolon. The program will not translate.
语法错误 – 违反编程语言规则的错误，例如缺少分号。程序将无法翻译。
Logic Error – the program runs but produces an incorrect result because the algorithm is flawed. Harder to detect.
逻辑错误 – 程序运行但产生错误结果，因为算法有缺陷。更难检测。
Runtime Error – an error that occurs during program execution when the computer is asked to do something impossible, like dividing by zero.
运行时错误 – 程序执行期间发生的错误，当计算机被要求执行不可能的操作（如除以零）时出现。
9. Cyber Security Threats | 网络安全威胁
Malware – malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware.
恶意软件 – 旨在破坏或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。包括病毒、蠕虫、木马、勒索软件。
Phishing – a social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages trick users into revealing sensitive information like passwords or credit card numbers.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，欺诈性电子邮件或消息诱骗用户泄露密码或信用卡号等敏感信息。
Denial of Service (DoS) – an attack that floods a server with traffic to overload it, making the service unavailable to legitimate users.
拒绝服务攻击 (DoS) – 用流量淹没服务器使其过载，导致合法用户无法使用服务的攻击。
Brute Force Attack – a trial‑and‑error method used to crack passwords by trying every possible combination until the correct one is found.
暴力破解攻击 – 通过尝试每一种可能的组合来破解密码的穷举方法，直到找到正确的密码。
Encryption – the process of scrambling data into an unreadable format (ciphertext) using a key, so that only authorised parties with the key can read it.
加密 – 使用密钥将数据打乱成不可读格式（密文）的过程，只有拥有密钥的授权方才能读取。
Firewall – a system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Acts as a barrier.
防火墙 – 根据预定安全规则监控和控制进出网络流量的系统。起屏障作用。
10. Ethical, Legal and Environmental Issues | 道德、法律与环境议题
Copyright – legal protection that gives the creator of original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, typically for a limited time.
版权 – 法律保护，赋予原创作品的创作者对其使用和分发的专有权利，通常有一定期限。
Plagiarism – using someone else's work or ideas without proper acknowledgment and presenting them as your own.
抄袭 – 未经适当注明而使用他人的作品或想法，并作为自己的成果呈现。
Open Source vs Proprietary Software Ethics – open source promotes collaboration and free access; proprietary software often restricts copying but funds further development. Both models raise ethical questions about accessibility and innovation.
开源与专有软件的伦理 – 开源促进协作和自由访问；专有软件通常限制复制，但为后续开发提供资金。两种模式都引发了关于可访问性和创新的伦理问题。
E‑waste – discarded electronic appliances. Computers contain hazardous materials (lead, mercury) that must be recycled responsibly to avoid environmental damage.
电子垃圾 – 废弃的电子设备。计算机含有危险材料（铅、汞），必须负责任地回收以避免环境破坏。
Digital Divide – the gap between those who have access to digital technology and the Internet, and those who do not. Factors include income, location, and education.
数字鸿沟 – 能够访问数字技术和互联网的人与无法访问的人之间的差距。因素包括收入、地理位置和教育。
Data Protection Act – legislation that governs how personal data can be collected, used, and stored. Organisations must keep data secure and not share it without consent.
数据保护法 – 规范个人数据收集、使用和存储方式的立法。组织必须保护数据安全，未经同意不得共享。
11. Inside the CPU: Fetch‑Execute Cycle | CPU 内部：取指–执行周期
Fetch – the Control Unit gets the next instruction from RAM, using the address stored in the Program Counter (PC).
取指 – 控制单元使用程序计数器 (PC) 中存储的地址，从 RAM 中获取下一条指令。
Decode – the Control Unit interprets what the fetched instruction means and prepares the appropriate circuits.
译码 – 控制单元解释所取指令的含义，并准备相应电路。
Execute – the ALU carries out the instruction (arithmetic, logic, or data movement) and stores the result in a register or memory.
执行 – ALU 执行指令（算术、逻辑或数据移动），并将结果存入寄存器或内存。
Program Counter – a register that holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.
程序计数器 – 保存将要取出的下一条指令内存地址的寄存器。
Accumulator – a special register inside the CPU where intermediate results of calculations are temporarily stored.
累加器 – CPU 内部的一个特殊寄存器，用于临时存储计算的中间结果。
Clock Speed – measured in Hertz (Hz), it indicates how many fetch‑execute cycles the CPU can perform per second. A 3 GHz processor runs 3 billion cycles per second.
时钟速度 – 以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位，表示 CPU 每秒可执行多少次取指–执行周期。3 GHz 处理器每秒运行 30 亿个周期。
12. Memory and Storage Quick Recall | 内存与存储快速回顾
Volatility – RAM is volatile (loses data without power); ROM, HDD, SSD and USB flash drives are non‑volatile. Remember: 'V' for volatile and 'vanish'.
易失性 – RAM 易失（断电丢失数据）；ROM、HDD、SSD 和 U 盘非易失。记住：'V' 代表 volatile 和 vanish（消失）。
Cache Memory – very fast, small‑capacity memory located very close to the CPU; stores frequently used instructions to speed up processing.
高速缓存 – 位于 CPU 附近的速度极快、容量小的内存；存储常用指令以加快处理速度。
Virtual Memory – a portion of the hard drive used as an extension of RAM when physical RAM is full. It is much slower, leading to performance drops.
虚拟内存 – 当物理 RAM 已满时，将硬盘的一部分用作 RAM 的扩展。速度慢得多，导致性能下降。
Storage Hierarchy – arranged by speed and cost: registers > cache > RAM > SSD > HDD. Faster storage is more expensive per GB.
存储层次 – 按速度和成本排列：寄存器 > 高速缓存 > RAM > SSD > HDD。更快的存储每 GB 成本更高。
Capacity Units – abyte (GB ≈ 10⁹ B), terabyte (TB ≈ 10¹² B). Inaccurately, 1 KB = 1024 B in binary context.
容量单位 – 比特、字节 (B)、千字节 (KB ≈ 10³ B)、兆字节 (MB ≈ 10⁶ B)、吉字节 (GB ≈ 10⁹ B)、太字节 (TB ≈ 10¹² B)。在二进制上下文中，不精确地认为 1 KB = 1024 B。
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