📚 Year 10 AQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is the first step to excelling in AQA GCSE Engineering. This guide breaks down must-know terms across materials, mechanics, electronics, and manufacturing, giving you clear definitions and memory aids for each. Use it alongside your class notes to build confidence before exams.
掌握工程词汇是攻克AQA GCSE工程学的第一步。本指南拆解了材料、力学、电子和制造领域必考术语，为每个词条提供清晰定义和记忆窍门，与课堂笔记配合使用，在考试前建立信心。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A vector quantity that tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body, measured in newtons (N). It can cause acceleration or deformation.
力：能改变物体静止或运动状态的矢量，单位牛顿(N)。可导致加速或形变。
Mass: The amount of matter in a body, a scalar measured in kilograms (kg). Mass remains constant regardless of location.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，标量，单位千克(kg)，不随位置改变。
s, given by W = m x g, where g is gravitational field strength (approx. 10 N/kg on Earth).
重量：作用在质量上的重力，W = m x g，g为重力场强（地球上约10 N/kg）。速记：重量是引力。
Friction: A resistive force that opposes relative motion between two surfaces, converting kinetic energy into heat.
摩擦力：阻碍接触面相对运动的阻力，将动能转化为热。
s acting on an object. When it is not zero, the object accelerates according to F = m x a.
合力：与所有实际作用力效果相同的单一力。合力非零时，物体以F = m x a加速。
2. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
m / V, units kg/m³. Density helps identify materials and predict whether they will float.
密度：单位体积的质量，ρ = m / V，单位kg/m³，可识别材料并判断浮沉。
Tensile strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before necking or fracturing, measured in pascals (Pa).
抗拉强度：材料被拉伸至颈缩或断裂前所能承受的最大应力，单位帕斯卡(Pa)。
Toughness: The ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing (e.g. rubber, mild steel).
韧性：吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不破裂的能力（如橡胶、低碳钢）。
Hardness: Resistance to indentation, scratching, or wear. Hard materials (e.g. diamond, hardened steel) are often brittle.
硬度：抵抗压痕、刮擦或磨损的能力。硬材料（如金刚石、淬火钢）往往较脆。
Ductility: The ability to be drawn into a thin wire (e.g. copper). It is measured by percentage elongation.
延展性：能被拉拔成细丝的能力（如铜），用延伸率衡量。
Malleability: The ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking (e.g. gold, aluminium).
可锻性：能被锤击或轧制成薄片而不开裂的能力（如金、铝）。
3. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
force, MA = load / effort. A value greater than 1 means the system multiplies the effort.
机械效益(MA)：负载力与施力之比，MA = 负载 / 施力。大于1表示省力。
by load, VR = effort distance / load distance. It is fixed by the geometry of the system.
速比(VR)：施力移动距离与负载移动距离之比，VR = 施力距离 / 负载距离，由系统几何决定。
Efficiency: (Useful work output / work input) x 100% = (MA / VR) x 100%.
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