📚 Year 10 AQA PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Memorising the vast number of PE terms for the AQA Year 10 specification can feel daunting, but with the right techniques you can lock them into long-term memory efficiently. This guide breaks down key vocabulary by topic and pairs every term with a quick mnemonic, word association, or visual cue designed to speed up your recall during revision and exams.
记忆 AQA Year 10 体育课程中大量的术语可能令人望而生畏，但借助正确的方法，你可以高效地将它们锁定在长期记忆中。本指南按照主题分解关键词汇，并为每个术语配上快速助记法、词语联想或视觉线索，旨在帮助你在复习和考试中快速回忆。
1. Key Anatomical Terms | 关键解剖术语
The skeleton provides shape, support, protection and movement. Start with the cranium – think of a 'crane' protecting your brain like a hard hat. The clavicle, or collar bone, sounds like 'clavichord' – an old keyboard instrument that sits horizontally, just like this bone lies across your shoulders.
骨骼提供形状、支撑、保护和运动。从头颅开始——想象一个“起重机”像安全帽一样保护你的大脑。锁骨（clavicle）听起来像“古钢琴”（clavichord），是一种水平放置的古老键盘乐器，正如这根骨头横跨你的肩膀。
The scapula (shoulder blade) flips 'scap' to 'scapula' – picture a 'spatula' sliding under your shoulder. The humerus isn't funny, but 'humour us' – it's the long bone in your upper arm that you wave when you joke. The femur, your thigh bone, is the longest; remember 'fee more' because it takes more effort to move.
肩胛骨（scapula）——把“scap”想成“抹刀”（spatula）滑进你的肩膀。肱骨（humerus）并不幽默，但“humour us”——它是你上臂的长骨，当你开玩笑时挥舞的就是它。股骨（femur），你的大腿骨，最长；记住“fee more”（更多力气），因为移动它需要更多力量。
For muscles, the biceps contract to bend your arm – 'bi' means two, and you can make two guns with your arms. The triceps extend the arm – 'tri' for three, so imagine a tricycle pulling your arm straight.
对于肌肉，肱二头肌（biceps）收缩使手臂弯曲——“bi”表示二，你可以用双臂做出两支枪。肱三头肌（triceps）伸展手臂——“tri”表示三，想象一辆三轮车把你的手臂拉直。
2. Movement Analysis Terminology | 动作分析术语
ecreases the angle at a joint, as when you flex your biceps. Extension increases it; think 'extend=straighten'. Abduction moves a limb away from the body – imagine someone abducted away from home. Adduction adds the limb back towards the midline.
屈（flexion）减小关节角度，就像你弯曲肱二头肌那样。伸（extension）增大角度；想到“extend=伸直”。外展（abduction）将肢体移离身体——想象某人被诱拐离家。内收（adduction）将肢体移回中线。
Rotation turns around an axis: picture a rotisserie chicken. Circumduction is a cone shape, like a windmill motion – 'circum' means around, and 'duction' leading movement. Plantar flexion points your toes like a ballerina; dorsiflexion lifts them up towards your shin.
旋转（rotation）围绕轴转动：想象一只旋转烤鸡。环转（circumduction）呈锥形，像风车运动——“circum”意为环绕，“duction”引导运动。跖屈（plantar flexion）像芭蕾舞演员那样绷直脚尖；背屈（dorsiflexion）将脚尖朝胫骨方向上抬。
The planes of movement can be tricky: the sagittal plane splits body into left and right – think of an arrow (sagittal) flying forward. The frontal plane divides front and back – you face the front. The transverse plane cuts top and bottom – imagine a transverse slice through a loaf of bread.
运动平面可能比较棘手：矢状面将身体分成左右两半——想象一支箭（sagittal，意为矢状）向前飞去。额状面分隔前后——你面对前方。横切面分割上下——想象水平切开一条面包。
3. Cardiorespiratory System Terms | 心肺系统术语
Heart rate is beats per minute (bpm); stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped per beat – think 'stroke volume = one stroke pushes out volume'. Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume. Remember 'CO = HR × SV' like a formula. When you exercise, these all increase.
心率是每分钟心跳次数（bpm）；每搏输出量是每次心跳泵出的血液量——想到“stroke volume = 一次搏动推出体积”。心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量。像记公式一样记“CO = HR × SV”。运动时这些都会增加。
Tidal volume is the air moved in and out during normal breathing – 'tide' goes in and out. Vital capacity is the maximum you can exhale after a deep breath – vital for life. Minute ventilation = tidal volume × respiratory rate; it's how much air you breathe per minute.
潮气量是平静呼吸时吸入和呼出的空气——“tide”（潮汐）进出。肺活量是深吸气后能呼出的最大气量——对生命至关重要。每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率；即你每分钟呼吸的空气量。
Aerobic exercise uses oxygen, longer duration, e.g. jogging – 'air-obic'. Anaerobic means without oxygen, high intensity, short burst – 'an-' means without, oxygen absent. Lactic acid builds up, causing fatigue; it makes muscles burn.
有氧运动使用氧气，持续时间较长，如慢跑——“air-obic”。无氧运动意味着没有氧气，高强度、短时间爆发——“an-”表示无，缺氧。乳酸堆积导致疲劳；它让肌肉产生灼烧感。
4. Components of Fitness | 体适能组成要素
Health-related components: cardiovascular endurance – stamina; muscular endurance – repeated contractions over time; muscular strength – maximum force; flexibility – range of motion; body composition – fat vs lean mass. Link 'C-M-M-F-B' to 'Call Me Maybe For Breakfast' for a silly recall chain.
健康相关组成要素：心血管耐力——持久力；肌肉耐力——长时间重复收缩；肌肉力量——最大力量；柔韧性——关节活动范围；身体成分——脂肪与瘦体重的比例。把“C-M-M-F-B”联想为“Call Me Maybe For Breakfast”来创建荒诞的记忆链。
Skill-related components: agility – change direction quickly (like a cat); balance – keep centre of mass over base; coordination – smooth movement of parts; power – strength × speed; reaction time – respond to a stimulus; speed – move fast. The 'ABC-PRS' mnemonic: Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed.
技能相关组成要素：灵敏性——快速改变方向（像猫一样）；平衡——保持重心在支撑面内；协调——身体各部位平滑运动；爆发力——力量 × 速度；反应时——对刺激作出反应；速度——快速移动。使用“ABC-PRS”助记：灵敏、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时、速度。
Remember the difference: health-related keeps you healthy every day; skill-related enhances performance in sports. A marathon runner needs cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance; a gymnast demands flexibility, balance and coordination.
记住区别：健康相关要素维持日常健康；技能相关要素提升运动表现。马拉松运动员需要心血管耐力和肌肉耐力；体操运动员要求柔韧性、平衡和协调。
5. Principles of Training | 训练原则
SPORT: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. To remember SPORT, think of playing sport and needing these principles to win. Overload itself uses the FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type.
SPORT 原则：针对性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、单调性。要记住 SPORT，想想运动时需要这些原则才能获胜。超负荷本身又使用 FITT 原则：频率、强度、时间、类型。
Specificity means training must match the needs of the sport – a sprinter runs short distances, not marathons. Progression: gradually increase the difficulty so the body adapts. Overload: push beyond normal levels; apply FITT to shock the systems safely.
针对性指的是训练必须匹配运动的需求——短跑选手跑短距离，而不是马拉松。渐进性：逐步提高难度，让身体适应。超负荷：超越正常水平；安全地运用 FITT 来刺激身体系统。
Reversibility warns that fitness declines if you stop training – 'use it or lose it'. Tedium is boredom; vary your training to stay motivated. Connect reversibility to a sandcastle washed away by the tide.
可逆性警告，一旦停止训练，体适能就会下降——“用进废退”。单调性指无聊；多样化训练以保持动力。可将可逆性联想为被潮水冲走的沙堡。
FITT example: to improve cardiovascular fitness, increase Frequency to 4 times a week, Intensity to 70% max heart rate, Time to 30 minutes, Type running.
FITT 示例：要提高心血管适能，将频率增加到每周4次，强度达最大心率70%，时间30分钟，类型为跑步。
6. Methods of Training | 训练方法
Continuous training involves steady exercise without rest, e.g. 30-minute run – 'continuous' never stops. Fartlek training means 'speed play' in Swedish; mix fast and slow periods, great for games players. Interval training alternates work and rest – think 'interval' like a commercial break.
持续训练是稳定的运动无休息，例如30分钟跑——“持续”永不停歇。法特莱克训练在瑞典语中意为“速度游戏”；混合快慢时段，很适合球类运动员。间歇训练交替进行工作与休息——把“间歇”想象成广告时段。
Circuit training moves through different exercise stations; each station targets a specific component – remember 'circuit' like an electrical circuit flowing around. Weight training uses resistance; key terms: reps (repetitions), sets, and 1RM (one repetition maximum).
循环训练依次经过不同的练习站；每站针对特定组成要素——把“循环”记成电流在回路中流动。负重训练使用阻力；关键术语：次数、组数，以及1RM（最大重复次数）。
Plyometric training develops power through bounding, hopping – 'plyo' sounds like 'fly-o', jumping high. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) alternates short, intense bursts with recovery. Think 'HIIT it hard' then rest briefly.
超等长训练通过跳跃、弹跳发展爆发力——“plyo”像“fly-o”，高高飞起。高强度间歇训练（HIIT）交替短时间高强度与恢复。记得“狠狠击打（HIIT it hard）”然后短暂休息。
Static stretching is holding a stretch still; dynamic stretching uses movement – dynamic is like dance. Ballistic stretching involves bouncing, risky. PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) involves contract-relax with a partner; hardest to spell, so just know the initials.
静态拉伸是保持伸展姿势不动；动态拉伸通过移动进行——动态如舞蹈。弹震式拉伸包含回弹动作，有风险。PNF（本体感觉神经肌肉促进法）涉及与搭档的收缩-放松；最难拼写，所以只记缩写即可。
7. Sports Psychology Keywords | 运动心理学关键词
Skill classification: open skills are affected by environment (e.g. a pass in football); closed skills are stable and predictable (e.g. a diving routine). Think open windows – unpredictable; closed doors – controlled. Gross skills involve large muscle groups (running); fine skills use small muscles (darts).
技能分类：开放性技能受环境影响（如足球传球）；闭锁性技能环境稳定、可预见（如跳水套路）。想象打开的窗户——难以预测；关闭的门——可控。粗大技能动用大肌群（跑步）；精细技能使用小肌群（飞镖）。
Goal setting uses SMARTER: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound, Evaluate, Re-adjust. Visualise a 'smart' phone screen saying 'Be SMARTER'. Intrinsic feedback comes from yourself (feel); extrinsic feedback comes from others (coach).
目标设定使用 SMARTER 原则：具体、可衡量、可实现、相关、有时间限制、评估、重新调整。想象一个智能手机屏幕上写着“Be SMARTER”。内在反馈来自自身（感觉）；外在反馈来自他人（教练）。
Arousal is the level of alertness; the inverted-U theory shows performance peaks at moderate arousal – too relaxed or too tense harms performance. Think of a bell-shaped curve.
唤醒指警觉水平；倒U型理论表明，中等唤醒时表现最佳——过于放松或过于紧张都会降低表现。想象一条钟形曲线。
Information processing: input (sense), decision making, output (action), feedback loop. Acronym IDEA: Input, Decision, Execution, Appraisal. Quick recall: your brain is like a computer processing 'IDE' but adds feedback.
信息加工：输入（感知）、决策、输出（动作）、反馈循环。首字母 IDEA：输入、决策、执行、评估。快速回忆：你的大脑像一台电脑处理“IDE”，然后再加反馈。
8. Socio-Cultural Influences | 社会文化影响术语
The golden triangle represents the link between sport, media and sponsorship. Each corner supports the others: sport provides content, media provides coverage, sponsorship provides funding. Imagine a literal gold triangle linking all three.
黄金三角代表体育、媒体和赞助之间的关系。每个角支撑另外两个：体育提供内容，媒体提供报道，赞助提供资金。想象一个真正的金色三角形连接三者。
Commercialisation is making a profit from sport; it leads to fixture changes for TV, branded kits, and breaks in play. Think 'commercial' like TV advertisements. Deviant behaviour in sport includes violence, doping, match fixing – actions that break the unwritten rules or the law.
商业化指从体育中获利；导致为电视调整赛程、品牌球衣以及比赛暂停。想象电视上的“商业广告”。体育中的越轨行为包括暴力、使用兴奋剂、操纵比赛——违反不成文规则或法律的行为。
Etiquette is unwritten convention (shaking hands), sportsmanship involves fair play and respect (kicking ball out for injured player), gamesmanship bends the rules without outright cheating (taking time over a free kick). The 'E-S-G' ladder: Etiquette good manners, Sportsmanship moral, Gamesmanship sly.
礼仪（etiquette）是不成文的惯例（握手）；体育精神（sportsmanship）涉及公平竞争和尊重（为伤员将球踢出界）；竞技技巧（gamesmanship）钻规则空子但不直接作弊（任意球拖延时间）。“E-S-G”阶梯：礼仪是礼貌，体育精神是道德，竞技技巧是狡黠。
9. Health, Fitness and Well-being | 健康、体适能与福祉
Health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, not just absence of disease. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Think 'health is a state, fitness is a trait'.
健康是身体、心理和社会适应方面的完全良好状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。体适能是满足环境需求的能力。想到“健康是一种状态，体适能是一种特质”。
Sedentary lifestyle leads to obesity, heart disease, diabetes; 'sedentary' shares root with 'sedent' meaning sitting. Physical activity guidelines for adolescents: 60 minutes moderate-to-vigorous activity daily. Link '60 minutes' to a clock that screams 'Move!'.
久坐不动的生活方式导致肥胖、心脏病、糖尿病；“sedentary”的词根意为“坐着”。青少年体育活动指南：每天至少60分钟中等至剧烈强度活动。将“60分钟”与一个大声喊“动起来！”的时钟联系起来。
Energy balance: energy in (calories consumed) vs energy out (calories burned). Positive balance leads to weight gain; negative leads to weight loss. Imagine a seesaw – food one end, activity the other.
能量平衡：能量摄入（消耗卡路里）与能量支出（燃烧卡路里）的比较。正平衡导致体重增加；负平衡导致体重下降。想象一架跷跷板——一端是食物，另一端是身体活动。
small amounts. Carbs = main fuel; fats = stored energy; proteins = growth and repair. The 'CFP Macronutrient Trio'.
营养素：宏量营养素（碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质）需要量大；微量营养素（维生素、矿物质）需要量小。碳水化合物 = 主要燃料；脂肪 = 储存能量；蛋白质 = 生长与修复。“CFP 宏量营养素三剑客”。
10. Injury Prevention and Management | 损伤预防与处理
RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation – used immediately after soft tissue injuries. Visualise putting your injured ankle on a bag of RICE (rice) in the freezer. PRICE adds Protection. Now commonly POLICE: Protection, Optimal Loading, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
RICE 代表休息、冰敷、加压、抬高——用于软组织损伤后立即处理。想象把你的受伤脚踝放在一袋大米（rice）上放进冰箱。PRICE 增加了保护。现在常推荐 POLICE：保护、适度负荷、冰敷、加压、抬高。
body, reduces injury risk; cool down helps recovery, removes lactic acid. Think warm up = 'heat the engine', cool down = 'let the engine cool' uries happen suddenly (sprain, strain), chronic injuries develop over time (shin splints).
热身让身体做好准备，降低损伤风险；放松整理帮助恢复，清除乳酸。把热身想成“加热引擎”，整理想成“让引擎冷却”。急性损伤突然发生（扭伤、拉伤），慢性损伤随时间逐渐出现（胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎）。
Sprain is ligament damage (stretch or tear); strain is muscle/tendon damage. To distinguish: 'ligament links bone to bone, sprain starts with S like stretch of lig.'; 'strain has a T for tendon trouble'.
扭伤（sprain）是韧带损伤（拉伸或撕裂）；拉伤（strain）是肌肉/肌腱损伤。区分方法：“韧带连接骨与骨，sprain 以 S 开头，像 stretch of ligament”；“strain 含有 T，代表 tendon（肌腱）出问题”。
Concussion is a traumatic brain injury; if suspected, player must be removed. Remember 'recognise and remove'. Key symptoms: headache, dizziness, confusion.
脑震荡是创伤性脑损伤；一旦怀疑，选手必须离场。记住“识别并撤离”。关键症状：头痛、头晕、意识混乱。
11. Exam Command Words | 考试指令词
AQA exam questions use specific command words that tell you exactly what to do. 'Identify' means name or state briefly – a short, precise answer. 'Describe' requires a detailed picture of what happens, often with words like 'and' to link points.
AQA 考试题目使用特定的指令词，明确告诉你该怎么做。“Identify”（识别）意为简要说出名称或状态——简短精确的答案。“Describe”（描述）要求给出发生情况的详细图景，常用“和”等词连接要点。
'Explain' goes further: give reasons, causes, using 'because'. Always link cause and effect. 'Evaluate' means weigh up both sides, give a conclusion. Think 'evaluate' as 'value both sides'. 'Analyse' involves breaking down into parts and showing relationships.
“Explain”（解释）更进一步：给出理由、原因，使用“因为”。一定要建立因果联系。“Evaluate”（评估）意思是权衡正反两面，给出结论。把“evaluate”想成“给双方估价”。“Analyse”（分析）涉及把整体分解成部分，并展示关系。
'Discuss' is similar to evaluate, often requiring pros and cons. 'Justify' means defend your choice with solid reasons. Use 'because' e, Explanation) helps structure answers. Point, Example, Explain = PEE, like the letter P.
“Discuss”（讨论）与评估相似，常需要列出正反两面。“Justify”（论证）指的是用充分的理由来辩护你的选择。大量使用“因为”。对所有扩展题，PEE（观点、证据、解释）有助于构建答案。Point, Example, Explain = PEE，像字母 P。
A common pitfall is to 'describe' when you should 'explain'. If the question asks 'why', it wants an explanation; if it asks 'what', it wants a description. Train yourself to circle the command word in the question paper.
常见的陷阱是该“解释”时却只“描述”。如果问题问“为什么”，需要解释；如果问“是什么”，则需要描述。训练自己在试卷上圈出指令词。
12. Memorisation Strategy Overview | 记忆策略总览
Active recall is the most powerful tool: close the book and write down everything you remember about a topic. Then check gaps. Pair this with spaced repetition – reviewing terms at increasing intervals. Use flashcards with the term on one side and the definition with a mnemonic on the other.
主动回忆是最强大的工具：合上书，写下你关于某个主题所记得的一切。然后检查遗漏。将此与间隔重复相结合——以逐渐递增的时间间隔复习术语。使用抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义和助记法。
Create vivid mental images: for 'abduction', picture a robber abducting your arm away. For 'plantar flexion', imagine planting your foot on a pea (Pea-plantar). The more absurd, the better memory sticks. Link terms to personal experiences – your own gym session, a matched played, a fall you had.
创造生动的心理图像：对于“abduction”，想象一个强盗把你的手臂诱拐走。对于“plantar flexion”，想象把你的脚踏在一颗豌豆（pea-plantar）上。越荒诞，记忆越牢固。将术语与个人经历联系起来——你自己的力量训练课、打过的一场比赛、一次跌倒。
Chunking groups related words: all health components together, all principles together. Use acronyms and acrostics: SPORT, FITT, RICE, SMARTER. Colour-code your notes – red for anatomy, blue for physiology, green for psychology. The brain loves colour cues.
组块化将相关词语归类：所有健康组成要素放一起，所有原则放一起。使用首字母缩写和首字母藏头诗：SPORT、FITT、RICE、SMARTER。用颜色编码笔记——解剖用红色，生理用蓝色，心理学用绿色。大脑喜欢颜色线索。
Finally, teach someone else; explaining a concept aloud reveals whether you truly understand it. Use the terminology in full sentences. If you can explain 'minute ventilation' to a friend, you'll never forget it in the exam hall.
最后，教给别人；大声解释一个概念能揭示你是否真正理解。用完整的句子使用术语。如果你能向朋友解释清楚“每分通气量”，就再也不会在考场里忘记了。
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