📚 Year 10 CCEA Psychology: Key Vocabulary Memory Guide | Year 10 CCEA 心理学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering psychological terminology is the first step to success in CCEA Year 10 Psychology. Without a solid grasp of key terms, exam answers can become vague and marks are easily lost. This guide presents essential vocabulary from the major topics – Memory, Social Influence, Development, Research Methods, Brain and Neuropsychology, and Psychological Problems – alongside powerful memory techniques. Each term is explained clearly and followed by a mnemonic idea to help you encode, store, and retrieve the definition when you need it most. By working through these bite‑size sections, you will build a mental dictionary that makes revision efficient and even enjoyable.
掌握心理学专用术语是攻克CCEA Year 10心理学的第一步。如果对核心词汇理解不清，考试答案就会含糊，丢分在所难免。这本指南从记忆、社会影响、发展心理学、研究方法、大脑与神经心理学以及心理问题等主要课题中挑选了必背词汇，并配上强大的记忆技巧。每一个术语都先用清晰的定义解释，再附上一个助记点子，帮助你在需要时轻松完成“编码—存储—提取”的全过程。跟着这些短小精悍的章节走，你将在脑海中建成一部心理学术语词典，让复习既高效又有趣。
1. Introduction: The Power of Terminology | 引言：术语的力量
Psychology has its own precise language. Words like 'conformity' or 'attachment' carry specific meanings that examiners expect you to use accurately. Learning these terms is not about memorising a dusty list – it is about giving yourself the tools to describe, explain, and evaluate psychological phenomena with confidence. When you know the correct vocabulary, you can structure an answer that directly addresses command words such as 'Identify', 'Describe', or 'Explain'. Moreover, psychological terms often share roots (e.g. 'encoding' relates to 'code'), which you can exploit to create vivid mental images. Treat each term as a building block: once it is securely in place, the whole structure of the subject becomes stable.
心理学拥有自己精确的语言。像“从众”或“依恋”这样的词，都承载着考官期望你准确使用的特定含义。学习这些术语并不是在死记一份尘封的清单，而是在给自己装备能够自信地描述、解释和评估心理现象的工具。一旦掌握了正确的词汇，你就能组织出直接回应“识别”“描述”或“解释”等指令词的答案。此外，心理学术语往往有共同的词根（例如“编码”与“代码”相关），你可以借此制造生动的心理图像。把每一个术语都看作一块积木：只要它稳稳就位，整门学科的大厦就会变得牢固。
2. Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory information into a mental representation that can be stored. Imagine you are typing a lecture into a laptop – the spoken words must be converted into keystrokes and characters before they can be saved. In psychology, encoding can be visual (as an image), acoustic (as a sound), or semantic (as meaning). Research shows that semantic encoding often leads to deeper, more durable memories, which is why understanding a concept is better than just repeating it aloud.
编码 是将感官信息转化为可存储的心理表征的过程。想象一下，你正把一场讲座敲进笔记本电脑——口说的话必须先转变成键盘敲击和字符，才能被储存。在心理学中，编码可以是视觉的（图像）、听觉的（声音）或者语义的（意义）。研究表明，语义编码通常能带来更深、更持久的记忆，这就是为什么理解一个概念比单纯口头重复要好得多。
Storage is the retention of encoded information over time. Think of it as saving a file to a hard drive. The multi‑store model describes storage in three systems: sensory register (very brief, less than a second), short‑term memory (up to about 30 seconds, limited capacity), and long‑term memory (potentially unlimited). When you rehearse a phone number, you are actively maintaining it in short‑term store.
存储 是指对已编码信息的历时保持。你可以把它想象成把文件存入硬盘。多存储模型将存储描述为三个系统：感觉登记（极短，不足一秒）、短时记忆（约30秒，容量有限）和长时记忆（潜力无限）。当你不断复述一个电话号码时，就是在短时存储中主动维持着它。
Retrieval is the act of accessing stored memories when needed. Many everyday experiences – like suddenly recalling the name of a song – rely on retrieval cues. There are two main forms: recall (retrieving information from memory with few cues, e.g. an essay‑style exam) and recognition (identifying previously learned material from options, e.g. a multiple‑choice test). The presence of strong retrieval cues, such as being in the same room where you learned something, can significantly boost performance – a phenomenon known as context‑dependent memory.
提取 是指在需要时访问已存储记忆的行为。日常的许多体验——比如突然想起某首歌的名字——都依赖提取线索。主要有两种形式：回忆（在很少的线索下从记忆中提取信息，比如论述式考试）和再认（从选项中辨认之前学过的内容，比如多选题测试）。强大的提取线索——例如身处学习时的同一间屋子——能显著提高表现，这被称为情境依赖记忆。
3. Memory Models: Multi‑Store and Working Memory | 记忆模型：多存储与工作记忆
The Multi‑Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) proposes that memory consists of three separate stores: sensory register, short‑term memory (STM), and long‑term memory (LTM). Information flows linearly: attention moves data from sensory register to STM, and elaborative rehearsal transfers it to LTM. A key criticism is that the model over‑simplifies STM as a single, passive store. Nonetheless, it remains a useful starting point for understanding memory architecture.
多存储模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968） 提出记忆由三个独立的存储系统构成：感觉登记、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。信息呈线性流动：注意力将数据从感觉登记带入短时记忆，而精细复述则把它转入长时记忆。对该模型的主要批评是，它将短时记忆过分简化成单一、被动的仓库。尽管如此，它依然是理解记忆架构的实用起点。
The Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) replaced the idea of a unitary STM with a multi‑component system. It features a central executive that directs attention, a phonological loop that deals with verbal and auditory information, a visuo‑spatial sketchpad for visual and spatial data, and an episodic buffer that integrates information from the other components and links to LTM. This model better explains how we can perform two tasks simultaneously if they use different components – e.g. reciting a poem (phonological loop) while drawing a picture (visuo‑spatial sketchpad).
工作记忆模型（Baddeley & Hitch, 1974） 用一个多成分系统取代了单一短时记忆的观念。它包含一个主导注意分配的中央执行器、处理言语和听觉信息的语音回路、负责视觉与空间数据的视空间画板，以及整合各成分信息并连接长时记忆的情景缓冲器。这个模型能更好地解释：当两项任务使用不同成分时，我们可以同时完成它们——例如一边背诵诗歌（语音回路）一边画图（视空间画板）。
4. Social Influence: Conformity, Obedience, and Majority Influence | 社会影响：从众、服从与多数影响
Conformity refers to a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure. Asch’s (1955) line‑judgement study dramatically illustrated this: participants often gave an obviously wrong answer simply because confederates before them had done so. Conformity can be normative (to fit in and be liked) or informational (because we believe the group has better knowledge). Remember: 'Normative' links to social norms, while 'Informational' links to being informed.
从众 指由于真实的或想象中群体压力而导致的行为或信念变化。阿希（1955）的线段判断研究戏剧性地揭示了这一点：参与者常常给出明显错误的答案，仅仅因为前面安排的假被试都那么做了。从众可以分为规范型（为了融入并被喜欢）和信息型（因为我们相信群体掌握更好的知识）。记忆窍门：'规范'对应社会规范，'信息型'则对应获得信息。
Obedience occurs when an individual follows a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram’s (1963) electric‑shock experiment remains one of the most striking demonstrations: ordinary people administered what they believed were dangerous shocks under the instruction of an experimenter. Key factors affecting obedience include proximity of the authority figure, legitimacy of the setting, and presence of disobedient role models. Use the acronym P.L.U.G. – Proximity, Legitimacy, Unanimous defiance, Gradual commitment – to recall these situational variables.
服从 发生在个体听从权威人物直接指令的时候。米尔格拉姆（1963）的电击实验至今仍是最令人震撼的展示之一：普通人在实验者的指示下，对他人施加了他们自己认为是危险的电击。影响服从的关键因素包括权威人物的近距离在场、环境的正当性，以及有不服从榜样的存在。用首字母组合 P.L.U.G.—— Proximity（亲近性）、Legitimacy（合法性）、Unanimous defiance（一致反抗）、Gradual commitment（渐进承诺）——来记住这些情境变量。
Majority influence is the process by which a larger group affects the behaviour or attitudes of a smaller group or individual. It relies on size, unanimity, and task difficulty. In contrast, minority influence (Moscovici, 1969) explains how a small, consistent group can change the majority’s view – typically through informational social influence and the conversion effect.
多数影响 是较大群体影响较小群体或个人行为或态度的过程。它依赖群体大小、一致性和任务难度。相对地，少数派影响（Moscovici, 1969）解释了一个小规模、立场一致的群体如何改变多数人的观点——通常通过信息性社会影响和转化效应。
5. Development: Attachment and Early Relationships | 发展心理学：依恋与早期关系
Attachment is a deep, enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space. Bowlby (1969) described it as a behavioural system that keeps an infant close to a caregiver, promoting survival. He proposed that infants form one primary attachment figure (monotropy) and that this first relationship creates an internal working model – a mental template for future relationships. Visualise attachment as an invisible 'elastic rope' that stretches but never breaks.
依恋 是一种将人与人跨越时间和空间紧紧相连的深刻而持久的情感纽带。鲍尔比（1969）将其描述为一种行为系统，让婴儿紧紧靠住照料者，从而提升存活几率。他提出婴儿会形成一个主要依恋对象（单依恋性），而这第一段关系会构建起一个内部工作模型——即未来人际关系的心理模板。你可以把依恋想象成一根看不见的“弹力绳”，可以被拉长却永不崩断。
Strange Situation (Ainsworth et al., 1978) is a controlled observation procedure used to assess attachment type in infants aged 12–18 months. The child’s reactions during a series of separations and reunions with the caregiver reveal three main patterns: secure (distress on separation, joy on reunion, uses caregiver as a safe base), insecure‑avoidant (no distress, ignores caregiver), and insecure‑resistant (intense distress, ambivalent on reunion). These patterns link to caregiver sensitivity: securely attached infants tend to have responsive caregivers.
陌生情境（Ainsworth et al., 1978）是一种受控观察程序，用于评估12–18个月婴儿的依恋类型。通过与照料者一系列分离和重聚中婴儿的反应，可以识别出三种主要模式：安全型（分离时不安，重聚时喜悦，将照料者当作安全基地）、不安全-回避型（无不安，忽视照料者），以及不安全-反抗型（极度不安，重聚时矛盾）。这些模式与照料者的敏感度有关：安全型依恋的婴儿通常拥有回应迅速的照料者。
6. Research Methods: Variables, Sampling, and Design | 研究方法：变量、抽样与设计
Every experiment manipulates an independent variable (IV) – the factor changed by the researcher – and measures the dependent variable (DV) – the factor that is observed and recorded. For example, in a study testing whether music affects concentration, the IV could be 'type of music' (classical vs. silence) and the DV could be 'score on a memory test'. A simple mnemonic: 'I change the IV, and Data show the DV.'
每个实验都会操控一个自变量（IV）——即研究者主动改变的因子，并测量因变量（DV）——即观察并记录下来的因子。例如，在一项测试音乐是否影响注意力的研究中，IV可以是“音乐类型”（古典音乐 vs. 静音），DV可以是“记忆测验的得分”。简单助记法：“我改变自变量，得到的数据就是因变量。”
Sampling methods determine who takes part in research. A random sample gives every member of the target population an equal chance of selection, reducing bias. An opportunity sample draws from people who are readily available, which is convenient but less representative. A stratified sample roups (e.g. age, gender) are proportionally represented. To recall the differences, think: 'Random = raffle, Opportunity = on‑the‑spot, Stratified = sliced‑and‑matched.'
抽样 方法决定了谁参与研究。随机抽样让目标人群中的每个成员都有平等被选中机会，减少偏差。机会抽样则从最方便获得的人群中选取，虽然便捷但代表性较差。分层抽样确保子群体（如年龄、性别）按比例被代表。为了记住差异，可以想：“随机 = 抽奖，机会 = 随手抓，分层 = 切好片再匹配。”
Experimental designs – independent groups, repeated measures, and matched pairs – describe how participants are allocated to conditions. Independent groups use different people in each condition, repeated measures reuse the same people, and matched pairs match participants on key traits. Use the acronym I.R.M. – I Run Matching pairs – to link the three.
实验设计——独立组、重复测量和匹配对——描述参与者如何分配至不同条件。独立组在不同条件下使用不同的人；重复测量在不同条件下使用同一批人；匹配对则根据关键特征将参与者配对。用首字母 I.R.M. 把三者联系起来：Independent, Repeated, Matched。
7. Research Methods: Ethics and Validity | 研究方法：伦理与效度
Psychological research must adhere to strict ethical guidelines. The British Psychological Society (BPS) outlines six key principles: informed consent, deception avoidance, right to withdraw, protection from harm, confidentiality, and debriefing. The mnemonic 'Can Do Well Protecting Children’s Dreams' gives the first letters: C‑onsent, D‑eception, W‑ithdraw, P‑rotection, C‑onfidentiality, D‑ebriefing. Always check how a study fulfilled or breached these rules.
心理学研究必须遵守严格的伦理准则。英国心理学会（BPS）列出了六项核心原则：知情同意、避免欺瞒、退出权、免受伤害、保密和事后解说。用中文口诀“同意无欺可退，不伤保密解说”就能轻松记住。每当分析一个研究时，务必检查它是否满足或违反了这些规则。
Validity refers to whether a test or experiment measures what it claims to measure. Internal validity asks whether the IV truly caused the change in the DV, free from confounding variables. External validity concerns generalisability – can findings apply to other people, settings, or times? Ecological validity ns the task and environment reflect everyday life. A neat way to separate them: Internal = 'inside the study', External = 'exit to the real world'.
效度 指的是一个测试或实验是否测量了它声称要测量的东西。内部效度关心的是自变量是否真正导致了因变量的变化，且不受混淆变量干扰。外部效度则有关概括性——研究结果能否推广到其他人、其他情境或其他时间？生态效度是外部效度的一种，指任务和环境反映了日常生活的程度。区分窍门：内部 = “研究内部”，外部 = “走向真实世界”。
8. Brain and Neuropsychology: Structure and Function | 大脑与神经心理学：结构与功能
The frontal lobe, located behind the forehead, is responsible for higher‑order functions such as reasoning, planning, and impulse control. Damage to this area can lead to personality changes. The temporal lobe processes auditory information and is crucial for memory – the hippocampus and amygdala sit deep within it. The parietal lobe integrates sensory information and handles spatial awareness, while the occipital lobe at the rear of the brain is the primary visual centre. To remember the order, visualise a face: forehead (frontal), ears (temporal), top of head (parietal), and back of head (occipital).
额叶位于额头后方，负责推理、计划、冲动控制等高阶功能。该区域受损可能导致人格改变。颞叶处理听觉信息并在记忆中扮演关键角色——海马体和杏仁核就深藏于此。顶叶整合感觉信息并处理空间认知，而位于大脑后部的枕叶则是主要的视觉中枢。记忆顺序时，想象一张脸：额头（额叶）、耳朵（颞叶）、头顶（顶叶）、后脑（枕叶）。
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) transmits messages to and from the CNS. Within the PNS, the somatic system controls voluntary movements, while the autonomic system governs involuntary processes like heartbeat. The autonomic system further splits into sympathetic (fight‑or‑flight) and parasympathetic (rest‑and‑digest) branches. Use a seesaw image: sympathetic raises arousal, parasympathetic brings it back down.
中枢神经系统（CNS） 由脑和脊髓组成。周围神经系统（PNS） 负责向CNS传递信息或从CNS传出信息。在PNS中，躯体神经系统控制随意运动，自主神经系统则管理心跳等不随意过程。自主神经进一步分为交感神经（战斗或逃跑）和副交感神经（休息和消化）两支。想象一个跷跷板：交感神经把唤醒度升高，副交感神经则把它降回原处。
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross synapses. Serotonin regulates mood and sleep; low levels are linked to depression. Dopamine is involved in reward and pleasure – thus implicated in addiction. The mnemonic 'Serotonin = Sleep & Sadness' and 'Dopamine = Delight & Drugs' can help distinguish their functions.
神经递质 是跨越突触的化学信使。血清素调节情绪和睡眠；水平偏低与抑郁相关。多巴胺则参与奖赏和快感通路——因此与成瘾密切相关。用谐音联想：“血清素 = 失眠与沮丧”，“多巴胺 = 多快乐与毒品”，就能区分它们的功能。
9. Psychological Problems: Addiction and Depression | 心理问题：成瘾与抑郁
Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterised by compulsive substance use or behaviour despite harmful consequences. Two key concepts are tolerance (needing larger doses to achieve the same effect) and withdrawal brain’s reward pathway, while learning theories emphasise positive reinforcement (the pleasurable high) and negative reinforcement (relief from withdrawal). Picture addiction as a loop: drug → pleasure → tolerance → bigger dose → withdrawal → relief → continued use.
成瘾 是一种慢性的、易复发的障碍，特征是不顾有害后果而强迫性地使用物质或进行某种行为。两个核心概念是耐受性（需要更大剂量才能达到相同效果）和戒断（停止使用后出现的不适身心症状）。生物学解释强调多巴胺在大脑奖赏通路中的作用，而学习理论则强调正强化（愉悦的“嗨”感）和负强化（从戒断的痛苦中解脱）。把成瘾想象成一个循环：药物 → 快感 → 耐受性 → 加大剂量 → 戒断 → 解脱 → 继续使用。
Depression is a mood disorder involving persistent low mood, loss of interest, and reduced energy. The cognitive approach, pioneered by Beck, identifies a negative triad – pessimistic views about the self, the world, and the future – underpinned by cognitive distortions such as overgeneralisation and catastrophic thinking. Ellis’s ABC model (Activating event, Belief, Consequence) shows how irrational beliefs lead to depressive reactions. The biological approach points to low serotonin levels as a risk factor. Mnemonic: 'ABC — A Bad Cog makes me sad.'
抑郁 是一种心境障碍，表现为持续性情绪低落、兴趣减退和精力不足。以贝克为代表的认知取向指出，消极三角——对自我、世界和未来的悲观看法——背后是认知歪曲，比如过度概括和灾难化思维。埃利斯的ABC模型（激发事件、信念、后果）表明，非理性信念如何导致抑郁反应。生物学取向则把低血清素水平视为危险因素。助记句：“ABC——一个坏齿轮（Bad Cog）让我难过。”
10. Mnemonic Strategies: Acronyms, Rhymes, and Stories | 记忆策略：首字母缩略、韵律与故事
One of the most efficient ways to encode abstract terminology is to create acronyms from the first letters of a list. For example, to remember the factors affecting obedience, P.L.U.G. (Proximity, Legitimacy, Unanimous defiance, Gradual commitment) works far better than a raw list. Similarly, rhymes and rhythms exploit the brain’s natural sensitivity to sound patterns. Turn a tricky definition into a short jingle – 'The IV I change, the DV I gauge' – and you will find it sticks effortlessly.
将抽象术语进行编码的最有效方法之一，就是从列表首字母中生成首字母缩略词。例如，要记住影响服从的各个因素，P.L.U.G.（Proximity, Legitimacy, Unanimous defiance, Gradual commitment）远胜过死记硬背。同样，韵律和节奏则利用了大脑对声音模式的天然敏感。把难记的定义编成短歌诀——“自变量我改变，因变量我测量”——你会发现它毫不费力就粘在脑海里。
Visual imagery is another potent tool. Transform a term into a bizarre, memorable picture. For instance, to remember 'normative social influence', imagine a crowd of people all wearing the same 'normal' hat, nodding in unison. The more exaggerated and humorous the image, the better it will stick because our brains prioritise novelty and emotion. Story‑linking goes one step further: string several terms into a short narrative. If you need to recall the stages of memory – encoding, storage, retrieval – tell a tale: 'I typed my notes (encoding), saved the file (storage), then searched for it before the exam (retrieval).'
视觉意象 是另一利器。把一个术语转成一幅怪诞而难忘的画面。比如，要记住“规范型社会影响”，就想象一群人全都戴着相同“规范”的帽子、齐刷刷点头的场景。画面越夸张、越幽默，就越容易记住，因为我们的大脑天生偏爱新奇和情感。故事串联法更进一步：把数个术语串成一小段叙事。如果需要回忆记忆的三个阶段——编码、存储、提取——不妨编个故事：“我把笔记敲进电脑（编码），保存了文件（存储），然后考前又搜了出来（提取）。”
11. Conclusion: Making Vocabulary Stick | 总结：让术语牢记于心
Psychology vocabulary does not need to be a chore. By treating each term as a mini‑puzzle that can be solved with the right mnemonic key, you turn passive reading into active learning. Revisit these sections regularly, test yourself with flash cards, and practise writing definitions using the correct scientific language. Above all, connect new terms to familiar images, sounds, or stories – this is the essence of semantic encoding, which research shows leads to the strongest recall. With consistent effort, these words will become automatic, and you will walk into your CCEA exams armed with precisely the terminology that examiners reward.
心理学术语不必成为苦差事。把每一个术语都当作一个能用正确助记钥匙解开的小谜题，你就把被动阅读变成了主动学习。定期回顾这些章节，用闪卡自测，练习用准确的科学语言写出定义。最关键的是，把新术语与你熟悉的图像、声音或故事联系起来——这就是语义编码的精髓，研究已证明它能带来最牢固的回忆。经过持久的努力，这些词语将变得脱口而出，你将带着考官最看重的那套术语走进CCEA考场。
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