📚 Year 10 CCEA Economics: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CCEA 经济：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering economic vocabulary is the first step to excelling in CCEA Year 10 Economics. This guide presents key terms with simple definitions, memorable examples, and smart tips to help you learn faster and retain longer. Use it alongside your class notes to build confidence before tests and exams.
掌握经济学词汇是在 CCEA 十年级经济考试中脱颖而出的第一步。本指南呈现关键术语，配以简明定义、易记示例和巧妙提示，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。将此指南与课堂笔记结合使用，在测验和考试前建立满满的信心。
1. Scarcity and Opportunity Cost | 稀缺性与机会成本
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem: limited resources cannot satisfy our unlimited wants. It forces every society to answer three questions – what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
稀缺性是最基本的经济问题：有限的资源无法满足无限的欲望。它迫使每个社会回答三个问题――生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产。
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. If a student decides to revise economics for one hour instead of going to the cinema, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment and experience of the film lost.
机会成本是做出选择时所放弃的次优替代选项的价值。如果一名学生决定复习经济一小时而非去看电影，机会成本就是所失去的电影带来的愉悦与体验。
Economic goods are scarce and command a price (positive opportunity cost), while free goods are abundant and have zero opportunity cost. A free good like air is not traded in markets.
经济物品是稀缺且有价格的（机会成本大于零），而免费物品资源充裕且机会成本为零。像空气这样的免费物品不在市场上交易。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The resources used to produce goods and services are classified into four factors – land, labour, capital, and enterprise. Each factor earns a corresponding reward.
用来生产商品和服务的资源被分成四类生产要素――土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。每一种要素获得相应的报酬。
| Factor | Reward | 中文 | 报酬 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Land | Rent | 土地 | 地租 |
| Labour | Wages | 劳动力 | 工资 |
| Capital | Interest | 资本 | 利息 |
| Enterprise | Profit | 企业家才能 | 利润 |
Memory trick: remember the acronym CELL – Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour. Each factor is essential for production, and firms combine them to create value.
记忆窍门：记住首字母缩略词 CELL――资本 (Capital)、企业家才能 (Enterprise)、土地 (Land)、劳动力 (Labour)。每种要素对生产都不可或缺，企业将它们组合起来创造价值。
3. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls. The demand curve slopes downwards.
需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格上升时需求量下降。需求曲线向下倾斜。
The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied increases. The supply curve slopes upwards.
供给定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格上升时供给量增加。供给曲线向上倾斜。
A change in the good's own price causes a movement along the demand or supply curve. Changes in other factors – such as income, tastes, or production costs – cause the entire curve to shift.
商品自身价格的变化会导致沿着需求或供给曲线的移动。而其他因素的变化――如收入、偏好或生产成本――则会引起整条曲线平移。
Quick recall: "Price moves along; other factors shift."
快速记忆："价格动，沿曲线；其他变，整体移。"
4. Price Elasticity | 价格弹性
Price elasticity measures how responsive quantity demanded or supplied is to a change in price. The basic formula for price elasticity of demand (PED) is:
价格弹性衡量需求量或供给量对价格变动的反应程度。需求价格弹性（PED）的基本公式为：
PED = %ΔQd / %ΔP
elastic. Perfectly inelastic demand has PED = 0, and perfectly elastic demand has PED = ∞.
如果 PED > 1，需求富有价格弹性；如果 PED < 1，需求缺乏价格弹性；如果 PED = 1，需求为单位弹性。完全无弹性的需求 PED = 0，完全弹性的需求 PED = ∞。
Price elasticity of supply (PES) works similarly: PES = %ΔQs / %ΔP. It tells us how easily firms can change production.
供给价格弹性（PES）同理：PES = %ΔQs / %ΔP。它告诉我们企业调整产量的难易程度。
Memory aid: "Inelastic is Insensitive (both start with I)." Elastic means easily stretched.
记忆辅助："Inelastic 与 Insensitive (不敏感) 都以 I 开头。" Elastic 意为容易拉长的，即富有弹性的。
5. Market Equilibrium | 市场均衡
Market equilibrium occurs where the demand and supply curves intersect. At this point, quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, and there is no tendency for the price to change.
市场均衡出现在需求曲线与供给曲线的交点处。在该点上，需求量等于供给量，价格没有变动的趋势。
If the market price is above equilibrium, excess supply (a surplus) occurs, putting downward pressure on price. If the price is below equilibrium, excess demand (a shortage) pushes the price upwards.
如果市场价格高于均衡水平，就会出现超额供给（过剩），对价格形成下行压力。如果价格低于均衡水平，则出现超额需求（短缺），推动价格上行。
The price mechanism acts as an "invisible hand" to allocate scarce resources. Shortages lead to higher prices, signalling producers to supply more.
价格机制像一只"看不见的手"分配稀缺资源。短缺导致价格上升，向生产者发出增加供给的信号。
6. Production and Costs | 生产与成本
that change with production (e.g. raw materials). Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost.
企业面临不随产量变动的固定成本（如租金）和随生产变动的可变成本（如原材料）。总成本 = 固定成本 + 可变成本。
ost ÷ output. When average cost falls as output rises, the firm enjoys economies of scale.
平均成本 = 总成本 ÷ 产量。当平均成本随着产量增加而下降时，企业就享有规模经济。
The short run is the period when at least one factor of production is fixed. In the long run, all factors are variable.
短期是指至少有一种生产要素固定不变的时期。长期则所有要素均可变。
Tip: Short run = some fixed, Long run = all flexible.
提示：短期=部分固定，长期=全部灵活。
7. Market Structures | 市场结构
Market structure describes the level of competition in a market. The four main types are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly.
市场结构描述市场中的竞争程度。四种主要类型为完全竞争、垄断竞争、寡头和垄断。
| Structure | Key Feature | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| Perfect Competition | Many small firms, identical products | 完全竞争 – 众多小企业，同质产品 |
| Monopolistic Competition | Many firms, differentiated products | 垄断竞争 – 众多企业，差异化产品 |
| Oligopoly | A few dominant firms, interdependent | 寡头 – 少数主导企业，相互依赖 |
| Monopoly | Single firm, high barriers to entry | 垄断 – 单一企业，进入壁垒高 |
Under perfect competition, firms are "price takers". Under monopoly, the firm is a "price maker".
在完全竞争下，企业是"价格接受者"。在垄断下，企业是"价格制定者"。
8. Government Intervention | 政府干预
Governments intervene in markets to correct market failures and achieve social goals. Common tools include indirect taxes, subsidies, and price controls.
政府干预市场以纠正市场失灵和实现社会目标。常见的工具包括间接税、补贴和价格管制。
An indirect tax (e.g. VAT) increases production costs, shifting the supply curve to the left. A subsidy lowers costs and shifts the supply curve to the right.
间接税（如增值税）会增加生产成本，使供给曲线向左平移。补贴则会降低成本，使供给曲线向右平移。
A maximum price (price ceiling) is set below equilibrium to protect consumers, causing persistent excess demand. A minimum price (price floor) is set above equilibrium to protect producers, leading to excess supply.
最高限价（价格上限）设定在均衡水平以下以保护消费者，这会导致持续的超额需求。最低限价（价格下限）设定在均衡水平以上以保护生产者，导致超额供给。
Visual trick: "Tax – S shifts left; Subsidy – S shifts right. Ceiling below, Floor above."
视觉记忆："税 – 供给左移；补贴 – 供给右移。上限在下，下限在上。"
9. Macroeconomic Indicators | 宏观经济指标
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total value of all goods and services produced in a country over a period. It is a key indicator of economic growth.
国内生产总值 (GDP) 衡量一国在一定时期内生产的全部商品和服务的总价值。它是经济增长的关键指标。
Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, reducing the purchasing power of money. It is commonly measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
通货膨胀是总体物价水平的持续上升，会削弱货币的购买力。通常用消费者价格指数 (CPI) 来衡量。
Unemployment occurs when people who are willing and able to work cannot find jobs. The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labour force that is unemployed.
失业是指愿意并有能力工作的人找不到工作。失业率是劳动力中失业者所占的百分比。
These three – growth, inflation, and unemployment – form the core of macroeconomic policy targets.
增长、通胀和失业三者构成了宏观经济政策目标的核心。
10. International Trade | 国际贸易
International trade allows countries to specialise and exchange goods and services. Exports are goods sold to other countries, and imports are goods bought from abroad.
国际贸易使各国能够专业化生产并交换商品和服务。出口是卖给其他国家的商品，进口是从国外购买的商品。
The balance of trade is the difference between a country's exports and imports of goods. A surplus occurs when exports exceed imports; a deficit is the opposite.
贸易平衡是一国商品出口与进口之间的差额。出口大于进口时出现顺差，反之则为逆差。
Comparative advantage explains why trade benefits countries even if one country is more efficient in producing everything. The key is to specialise in goods with the lowest opportunity cost.
比较优势解释了为什么即使一国在生产所有商品上效率都更高，贸易依然对双方有利。关键在于专业化生产机会成本最低的商品。
Exchange rates determine how much one currency is worth in terms of another. A stronger domestic currency makes imports cheaper but exports more expensive.
汇率决定了一国货币兑换另一国货币的价值。本币走强会使进口更便宜但出口更昂贵。
11. Quick Memory Techniques | 快速记忆技巧
Use acronyms to group terms (e.g. CELL for factors of production). Create visual traps: imagine a "shift" as moving a curtain, and a "movement" as sliding along a rail.
使用首字母缩略词来归类术语（如 CELL 记生产要素）。构建形象记忆：想象"平移"是拉动整幅窗帘，而"沿曲线移动"就像在滑轨上滑动。
Turn key formulas into catchy phrases: "PED = %ΔQd over %ΔP – the percentage seesaw." ryday life: scarcity helps explain why you cannot have both the new game and the trainers.
将关键公式编成顺口溜："PED – 需求量百分比变动除以价格百分比变动，就像跷跷板。" 把新词汇联系日常生活：稀缺性帮你解释为什么新款游戏和新运动鞋不能兼得。
Flashcards remain powerful: write the term on one side and the definition plus an example on the other. Test yourself regularly and say the definitions aloud to embed the terms.
闪卡依然很有效：一面写术语，另一面写定义和示例。定期自测并大声说出定义，让术语牢牢扎根于记忆中。
Group related terms under mini-headings (e.g. "all about costs") and draw simple diagrams to illustrate supply and demand shifts – the act of drawing reinforces recall.
将相关术语归类在子标题下（如"成本全知道"）并绘制简单的供需平移示意图――动手画图的过程能强化记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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