📚 CCEA Year 10 Science: Key Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | CCEA 10年级科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is the gateway to deeper comprehension and better exam performance in CCEA Year 10 Science. This bilingual guide pairs essential terms from biology, chemistry and physics with simple memory tricks, root-word clues and real-world links. By reviewing both English definitions and their Chinese equivalents, you will build a robust mental framework that makes recall automatic.
掌握科学词汇是通往更深理解和更好考试成绩的大门。本双语指南将生物、化学和物理中的核心术语与简单的记忆技巧、词根线索和现实联系相结合。通过同时回顾英文定义和其中文对应释义，你将建立一个稳固的思维框架，使术语的回忆变得自然而然。
1. Why Terminology Matters & Memory Hacks | 术语为何重要与记忆技巧
Scientific terms are precise labels for concepts, processes and structures. In CCEA assessments, you are often asked to 'state', 'define' or 'explain' – tasks that demand accurate vocabulary. When you treat a term as a story rather than a random label, your brain stores it more effectively. Try linking new words to vivid images, word origins or personal experiences. For example, the prefix 'cyto-' means 'cell', which instantly connects cytoplasm, cytokinesis and cytochrome.
科学术语是概念、过程和结构的精确标签。在CCEA考试中，你常被要求"陈述"、"定义"或"解释"——这些任务要求准确的词汇。当你把一个术语当作一个故事而不是一个随机的标签时，你的大脑能更有效地储存它。试着将新词与生动的图像、词源或个人经历联系起来。例如，前缀"cyto-"意为"细胞"，可瞬间联系到细胞质、胞质分裂和细胞色素。
Another powerful technique is the 'keyword method': find a familiar word that sounds like part of the term and build a mental picture. For instance, 'mitochondria' contains 'chondria', sounding like 'chondrite' – picture a mighty condor (power) inside a cell. Chunking and self-testing with flashcards further accelerate your memorisation. Throughout this guide, we apply these tactics to key Year 10 terms.
另一种强大的技巧是"关键词法"：找出一个听起来像术语一部分的熟悉单词，并构建一个心理图像。例如，"mitochondria"中含有"chondria"，听起来像"condor"——想象一只强大的秃鹰（代表能量）在细胞内。"组块"法和使用抽认卡自测能够进一步加速记忆。在本指南中，我们将这些策略应用到关键的10年级术语上。
2. Biology: Cell Structure & Function | 生物：细胞结构与功能
Nucleus: The large, membrane-bound organelle that houses DNA and directs protein synthesis. Think of it as the cell's 'control centre' or 'brain'. The Latin root 'nucleus' means 'kernel' or 'nut', suggesting a central, protected seed.
细胞核： 含有DNA并指导蛋白质合成的大型膜结合细胞器。把它想象成细胞的"控制中心"或"大脑"。拉丁词根"nucleus"意为"核"或"坚果"，暗示一个中心、受保护的种子。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion): Oval-shaped organelles where aerobic respiration takes place. They release energy in the form of ATP. To remember 'mitochondria', associate 'mito' (thread) and 'chondria' (granule) with 'mighty power stations' packed with folded inner membranes (cristae).
线粒体： 椭圆形细胞器，发生有氧呼吸。它们以ATP形式释放能量。为记住"mitochondria"，将"mito"（线）和"chondria"（颗粒）与"强大的发电站"联系起来，发电站内充满折叠的内膜（嵴）。
Ribosomes: Tiny structures either free in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. They are the sites of protein synthesis. Use 'ribo' sounding like 'rib' to picture them as the 'ribs' that build protein 'muscle'.
核糖体： 游离在细胞质中或附着在粗面内质网上的微小结构。它们是蛋白质合成的场所。利用"ribo"听起来像"rib（肋骨）"，想象它们是构建蛋白质"肌肉"的"肋骨"。
Cell membrane: A selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer. Recall 'selective bouncer' – it controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜： 由磷脂双分子层构成的选择性通透屏障。记住"选择性门卫"——它控制物质的进出。
3. Biology: Genetics & Evolution | 生物：遗传与进化
Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Remember it as a 'recipe' in the cookbook of the genome. Each gene determines a characteristic.
基因： 一段编码特定蛋白质的DNA。记住它是基因组"食谱书"中的一份"食谱"。每个基因决定一种特征。
Allele: An alternative form of a gene. For example, the gene for eye colour has alleles for blue, brown etc. Think 'allele' as 'alternate letter' in the genetic alphabet.
等位基因： 一个基因的替代形式。例如，眼睛颜色的基因有蓝色、棕色等位基因。将"allele"想象成遗传字母表中的"替代字母"。
Dominant & Recessive: A dominant allele expresses its trait even if only one copy is present (represented by a capital letter, e.g. 'A'). A recessive allele only shows when two copies are present (lowercase 'a'). Visualise dominant as a 'dominating bully' that silences the recessive 'quiet partner'.
显性和隐性： 显性等位基因即使只有一个拷贝存在也能表达其性状（用大写字母表示，如"A"）。隐性等位基因只有两个拷贝都存在时才表现出来（如"a"）。想象显性是"霸道的恶霸"，压制隐性"安静的伙伴"。
Homozygous & Heterozygous: ng : Homozygous means having two identical alleles (AA or aa). Heterozygous means having two different alleles (Aa). 'Homo' = same, 'hetero' = different.
纯合与杂合： 纯合指拥有两个相同的等位基因（AA或aa）。杂合指拥有两个不同的等位基因（Aa）。"homo" = 相同，"hetero" = 不同。
Natural selection: The process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, passing advantageous alleles to offspring. Summarised as 'variation, competition, survival, reproduction'.
自然选择： 更好适应环境的生物生存并繁殖，将有利等位基因传给后代的过程。总结为"变异、竞争、生存、繁殖"。
4. Biology: Ecology & Environment | 生物：生态与环境
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Remember it as 'eco' (house) + 'system' – a house where biotic and abiotic factors work together.
生态系统： 生物群落内部以及与非生物环境相互作用的整体。记住"eco"（家）+"system"（系统）——一个生物和非生物因素共同作用的家。
Producer: An organism that makes its own food via photosynthesis (e.g. plants, algae). Producers are always at the start of food chains.
生产者： 通过光合作用自己制造食物的生物（例如植物、藻类）。生产者总是位于食物链的起点。
Consumer: An organism that eats other organisms for energy. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers. 'Consumer' suggests 'consume' – to eat.
消费者： 以其他生物为食获取能量的生物。初级消费者吃生产者；次级消费者吃初级消费者。"consumer"暗示"消耗"——吃。
Decomposer: ia : Bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients into the soil. Think 'decompose' = de- (remove) + compose (structure), dismantling dead material.
分解者： 分解死亡有机质并将养分回收进土壤的细菌和真菌。想象"decompose" = 去除结构，拆解死亡物质。
Carbon cycle: The circulation of carbon through photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and decomposition. Picture carbon atoms travelling in a constant loop between atmosphere, plants, animals and fossil fuels.
碳循环： 碳通过光合作用、呼吸、燃烧和分解进行循环。想象碳原子在大气、植物、动物和化石燃料之间不断循环。
5. Chemistry: Atoms, Elements & Compounds | 化学：原子、元素与化合物
Atom: The smallest neutral particle of an element that can take part in chemical reactions. It contains protons, neutrons and electrons. 'Atom' comes from Greek 'atomos', meaning indivisible.
原子： 能参与化学反应的元素最小中性粒子。它包含质子、中子和电子。"Atom"源自希腊语"atomos"，意为不可分割。
Element: A pure substance made of one type of atom, listed on the Periodic Table. Each element has a unique atomic number (number of protons).
元素： 由一种原子组成的纯净物，列在元素周期表中。每种元素都有唯一的原子序数（质子数）。
Proton, neutron, electron: e neutral (in nucleus), electrons are negatively charged (orbiting the nucleus). Memorise: 'Proton = Positive, Neutron = Neutral, Electron = Electrical negative'.
质子、中子、电子： 质子带正电（位于原子核），中子不带电（位于原子核），电子带负电（绕原子核运动）。记忆："Proton = Positive, Neutron = Neutral, Electron = 负电荷"。
Atomic number & Mass number: s ¹²C (mass number top left, atomic number bottom left, though often atomic number omitted – using ¹²C implies 6 protons). Use 'A = mass' (A stands for mass number) and 'Z = atomic number'.
原子序数与质量数： 原子序数 = 质子数。质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。表示为¹²C（质量数左上，原子序数左下，尽管常省略原子序数——¹²C隐含6个质子）。用"A = 质量数，Z = 原子序数"。
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (same atomic number, different mass number). 'Isotope' means 'same place' on the Periodic Table.
同位素： 同一种元素中子数不同的原子（原子序数相同，质量数不同）。"Isotope"意为元素周期表上的"相同位置"。
6. Chemistry: Chemical Reactions & Equations | 化学：化学反应与方程式
Chemical reaction: A process where reactants are transformed into products by breaking and forming chemical bonds. Indications include temperature change, colour change, gas production and precipitate formation.
化学反应： 通过断裂和形成化学键将反应物转化为产物的过程。迹象包括温度变化、颜色变化、气体放出和沉淀生成。
Law of conservation of mass: In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed. Visualise it as rearranging building blocks: the total weight stays the same.
质量守恒定律： 在化学反应中，反应物的总质量等于产物的总质量。原子只是重新排列，不会凭空产生或消失。想象成重新排列积木：总重量不变。
Word equation & symbol equation: n uses chemical formulae and must be balanced. Balancing ensures the same number of each atom on both sides.
文字方程式与符号方程式： 文字方程式用词语描述反应（如镁 + 氧 → 氧化镁）。符号方程式使用化学式且必须配平。配平确保两端每种原子的数目相同。
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
temperature rises); endothermic reactions absorb heat energy (temperature falls). Remember 'exo' = exit (heat exits), 'endo' = enter (heat enters).
放热反应释放热能（温度升高）；吸热反应吸收热能（温度降低）。记住"exo" = 出去（热量出去），"endo" = 进入（热量进入）。
7. Chemistry: Acids, Bases & Salts | 化学：酸、碱和盐
Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution. Acids have a pH less than 7 and turn blue litmus red. Common lab acids: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃.
酸： 在水溶液中释放氢离子(H⁺)的物质。酸的pH值小于7，能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。常见实验室酸：HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃。
Base & Alkali: A base is a substance that neutralises acids. An alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis have pH greater than 7 and turn red litmus blue. Think 'alkali' sounds like 'alkaline', often containing OH⁻.
碱和碱溶液： 碱是能中和酸的物质。碱溶液是可溶碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子(OH⁻)。碱溶液pH值大于7，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。"alkali"听起来像"alkaline"，常含OH⁻。
Neutralisation: Base → Salt + Water. The H⁺ from the acid and OH⁻ from the alkali combine to produce H₂O.
中和反应： 酸和碱反应生成盐和水的过程。通式：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。来自酸的H⁺和来自碱的OH⁻结合生成H₂O。
pH scale: A numerical scale (0–14) measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. pH 7 is neutral. Use 'pH' as 'power of Hydrogen'.
pH标度： 测量溶液酸碱性的数值标度（0–14）。pH 7为中性。将"pH"视为"氢离子浓度指数"。
| Indicator | Acid colour | Neutral colour | Alkali colour |
| Litmus | Red | Purple | Blue |
| Methyl orange | Red | Orange | Yellow |
| Phenolphthalein | Colourless | Colourless | Pink |
Salt: The ionic compound formed when the H⁺ of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion. Hydrochloric acid produces chlorides, sulfuric acid produces sulfates, nitric acid produces nitrates.
盐： 酸中的H⁺被金属离子或铵根离子取代后形成的离子化合物。盐酸生成氯化物，硫酸生成硫酸盐，硝酸生成硝酸盐。
8. Physics: Forces & Motion | 物理：力与运动
Force: A push or pull acting on an object, measured in newtons (N). Forces can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Use 'Force = mass × acceleration' (F = ma).
力： 作用在物体上的推或拉，以牛顿(N)为单位。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。使用F=ma。
Weight vs. Mass: alculated as W = mg, where g is gravitational field strength (≈10 N/kg on Earth). Remember 'weight depends on gravity, mass stays the same'.
重量与质量： 质量是物质的量(kg)，在任何地点恒定。重量是重力施加的力(N)，计算为W=mg，g是重力场强度（地球上约10 N/kg）。记住"重量随重力变，质量永远不变"。
Velocity & Acceleration: tion is the rate of change of velocity: a = Δv / t. Deceleration is negative acceleration. 'Acceleration means changing how fast or which way you go'.
速度与加速度： 速度是带有方向的速率（矢量）。加速度是速度的变化率：a = Δv / t。减速度是负加速度。"加速度意味着你移动的快慢或方向改变"。
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Often called the law of inertia. 'Inertia resists changes in motion'.
牛顿第一定律： 如果不受不平衡力的作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。常称为惯性定律。"惯性抵抗运动状态的改变"。
Resultant force: The single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object combined. If resultant force is zero, forces are balanced.
合力： 与作用在物体上所有力的组合效果相同的单一力。如果合力为零，力处于平衡。
9. Physics: Energy & Conservation | 物理：能量与守恒
Kinetic energy (KE): a moving object. KE = ½mv². Note the v² term; doubling speed quadruples the kinetic energy – a vital concept for stopping distances.
动能： 运动物体具有的能量。KE = ½mv²。注意v²项；速度加倍则动能增至四倍——这对制动距离来说至关重要。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): d in an object due to its position in a gravitational field. GPE = mgh, where h is height. 'Higher and heavier means more stored energy'.
重力势能： 物体由于在重力场中的位置而储存的能量。GPE = mgh，h为高度。"更高更重意味着更多储存能量"。
Work done: ed in the direction of the force. Measured in joules (J). If no movement, no work is done.
做功： 力使物体移动时做功。功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离。单位为焦耳(J)。没有移动则不做功。
Power: nergy. Power = work done / time or energy transferred / time. Measured in watts (W). Think 'more power means faster energy transfer'.
功率： 做功或能量转移的速率。功率 = 做功/时间 或 能量转移/时间。单位为瓦特(W)。"功率越大，能量转移越快"。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated. In any process, total energy remains constant, though some spreads to less useful forms (often heat).
能量守恒： 能量不能凭空产生或消失，只能转移、储存或耗散。在任何过程中，总能量保持恒定，尽管有些会转化为较不有用的形式
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图