📚 Year 10 AQA Philosophy: Essential Terminology & Study Guide | AQA十年级哲学：核心词汇术语速记指南
This guide is designed to help Year 10 students studying AQA GCSE Philosophy learn and memorise the essential vocabulary required for the course. Mastering these terms is the first step towards understanding complex arguments and achieving high marks in exams.
本指南旨在帮助学习AQA GCSE哲学的十年级学生学习和记忆课程所需的核心词汇。掌握这些术语是理解复杂论证并在考试中取得高分的第一步。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from the Greek words 'philo' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom), meaning the love of wisdom. It is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
哲学一词源于希腊语的“philo”（爱）和“sophia”（智慧），意为爱智慧。它是对存在、知识、价值、理性、心灵和语言等根本问题的研究。
Philosophers use reason and argument to explore concepts such as truth, morality, and the nature of reality. Unlike science, which relies on empirical evidence, philosophy often uses a priori reasoning to draw conclusions.
哲学家运用理性和论证来探索真理、道德和实在的本质等概念。与依赖经验证据的科学不同，哲学常常通过先验推理得出结论。
2. Key Epistemology Terms | 认识论核心术语
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge, belief, and justification. Understanding these concepts is vital for evaluating philosophical arguments.
认识论是哲学中关注知识、信念和辩护的分支。理解这些概念对于评估哲学论证至关重要。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|---|---|
| A Priori | Knowledge that is independent of experience, e.g. 'All bachelors are unmarried'. | 先验知识：不依赖于经验而获得的知识，例如“所有单身汉都未婚”。 |
| A Posteriori | Knowledge that depends on experience or empirical evidence, e.g. 'The sky is blue'. | 后验知识：依赖于经验或实证证据的知识，例如“天空是蓝色的”。 |
| Rationalism | The view that reason is the primary source of knowledge, rather than sensory experience. Key thinkers: Plato, Descartes. | 理性主义：认为理性是知识的主要来源，而非感官经验的观点。代表人物：柏拉图、笛卡尔。 |
| Empiricism | The view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience. Key thinkers: Locke, Hume. | 经验主义：认为知识主要来源于感官经验的观点。代表人物：洛克、休谟。 |
| Scepticism | The questioning attitude towards knowledge claims; doubting that knowledge is possible. | 怀疑论：对知识论断持质疑态度，怀疑知识是否可能。 |
By distinguishing between a priori and a posteriori knowledge, students can better analyse philosophical arguments. For instance, the Ontological Argument is an a priori argument for God's existence.
通过区分先验和后验知识，学生可以更好地分析哲学论证。例如，本体论论证就是上帝存在的先验论证。
3. Terms for Arguments About God's Existence | 关于上帝存在的论证术语
The philosophy of religion deals with arguments for and against the existence of God. Memorising the terminology of these arguments is essential for answering exam questions.
宗教哲学探讨支持与反对上帝存在的论证。记忆这些论证的术语对于回答考试问题至关重要。
| Term | English Definition | 中文释义 |
|---|
