📚 Year 10 CCEA Chemistry: Quick Vocabulary Memory Guide | Year 10 CCEA 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry begins with grasping its language. This guide breaks down the key terms you will meet in Year 10 CCEA Chemistry and gives you memorable hooks, word roots, and associations to make the vocabulary stick – for exams and for life.
学好化学，先要掌握它的语言。本指南拆解 CCEA Year 10 化学的核心术语，为你提供朗朗上口的记忆法、词根联想和对比窍门，让这些词汇牢牢扎根，轻松应对考试和实际应用。
1. Atomic Structure | 原子结构
The atom is mostly empty space, with a tiny, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells. Remember: Proton is Positive, Neutron is Neutral.
原子内部绝大部分是空的，中心是一个极小但致密的原子核，内有质子和中子，外部有电子分层排布。记住：质子带正电，中子不带电。
- Mass number (质量数) = protons + neutrons. Think 'mass' as the 'massive' sum of the nucleus.
- Atomic number (原子序数) = number of protons. It defines the element – 'atomic identity number'.
- Isotopes: same atomic number, different mass number. Mnemonic: 'ISO' means equal; isotopes have equal protons, differing neutrons.
- 质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。把“质量”想成原子核的“总重量”。
- 原子序数 = 质子数。它决定了你是哪种元素，就像元素的身份证号码。
- 同位素：质子数相同，中子数不同。记住“同”位素“质子同”。
2. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表
Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number. Periods are horizontal rows – think of a 'period' as a sentence that goes across the page. Groups are vertical columns – think of a 'group' of people standing in a queue.
元素按原子序数递增排列。周期是横行——想象成句子横跨页面；族是纵列——就像一群人排成一列纵队。
- Group 1: Alkali metals – think 'alka-LIE' because they react vigorously with water, producing hydrogen. Li, Na, K are key.
- Group 7: Halogens – 'halo-' means salt; they form salts with metals. F, Cl, Br, I.
- Group 0/8: Noble gases – 'noble' because they are unreactive and 'too proud' to combine with others. Full outer shell.
- Transition metals – found in the middle; often form coloured compounds and act as catalysts.
- 第 1 族：碱金属——与水剧烈反应生成碱，记住 Li, Na, K。
- 第 7 族：卤素——“卤”有咸味，与金属成盐。F, Cl, Br, I。
- 第 0/8 族：稀有气体——“惰性”如贵族，外层电子已满，难以反应。
- 过渡金属：居中区域，常形成彩色化合物，能作催化剂。
3. Chemical Bonding | 化学键
Bonds are the 'glue' = ionic; non-metal + non-metal = covalent; metal + metal (or metallic lattice) = metallic.
化学键是原子间的“胶水”。主要有三种：离子键、共价键、金属键。区分方法：金属+非金属 → 离子键；非金属+非金属 → 共价键；金属原子之间 → 金属键。
- Ionic bonding: transfer of electrons. 'I-own it now' – one atom gives, the other takes, forming oppositely charged ions that attract.
- Covalent bonding: sharing of electrons. 'Co-' means together; they cooperate by sharing.
- Metallic bonding: sea of delocalised electrons around positive metal ions. 'Metal sea' image helps.
- Giant structures: ionic lattices (NaCl), covalent networks (diamond, SiO₂), metallic lattices.
- 离子键：电子转移。“离”开原本位置，形成正负离子相吸。
- 共价键：电子共用。“共”享电子对，合作共赢。
- 金属键：正离子沉浸在离域电子的“海洋”中。
- 巨型结构：离子晶格(如 NaCl)、共价网络(如金刚石)、金属晶格。
4. Chemical Equations & Reactions | 化学方程式与反应
nservation of mass means atoms are never created or destroyed, so equations must be balanced. Think of it like a seesaw: both sides must have the same number of each type of atom.
化学反应是原子的重新排列，反应物 → 生成物。质量守恒定律说原子不能凭空产生或消失，因此方程式必须配平。想象成跷跷板：两边各类原子数目必须相等。
- Reactant: the starting substance (re- 'again' + 'act' – it acts again).
- Product: the end substance (pro- 'forward' + duct 'lead' – something produced).
- Word equation: uses names, e.g. hydrogen + oxygen → water.
- Symbol equation: uses formulas, must balance, e.g. 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O.
- State symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water).
- 反应物：开始参与反应的物质。
- 生成物：反应后产生的物质。
- 文字方程式：用名称书写。
- 符号方程式：用化学式，必须配平。
- 状态符号：(s)固 (l)液 (g)气 (aq)溶液。
5. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学
Quantitative chemistry deals with amounts. Key term: the mole. One mole is 6.02 × 10²³ particles – Avogadro' mber. A mole of any substance has a mass equal to its relative formula mass (Mᵣ) in grams. 'Mole hill' – a pile of 6.02×10²³ things.
定量化学研究“量”。核心概念：摩尔。1 摩尔包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。任何物质的摩尔质量在数值上等于其相对分子质量 Mᵣ，单位为克。
- Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): average mass of an atom compared to 1/12 of carbon-12.
- Relative formula mass (Mᵣ): sum of Aᵣ of all atoms in the formula unit.
- Molar mass: mass of one mole of a substance (g/mol).
- Concentration in a given volume of solution (mol/dm³ or g/dm³). Formula: concentration = moles / volume.
- Mole calculation triangle: mass (g) = moles × molar mass. Cover the one you need.
- 相对原子质量 Aᵣ：与碳-12 的 1/12 比较得到。
- 相对式量 Mᵣ：化学式中所有原子的 Aᵣ 之和。
- 摩尔质量：1 摩尔物质的质量 (g/mol)。
- 浓度：单位体积溶液中溶质的量 (mol/dm³)。公式：浓度 = 物质的量 / 体积。
- 摩尔计算三角：质量 = 摩尔数 × 摩尔质量，盖住要求的量即可。
6. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
Acids release H⁺ ions in water; bases are substances that neutralise acids. The pH scale runs from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline). Neutral solutions have pH 7. Remember: 'A for Acid, A for H⁺' – acids give H⁺; 'B for Base, B for OH⁻' – alkalis (soluble bases) give OH⁻.
酸在水中释放 H⁺，碱能中和酸。pH 值从 0（强酸）到 14（强碱），中性为 7。巧记：Acid 和 H⁺ 都带 A；Base 和 OH⁻ 都带 B（碱中含 OH⁻）。
- Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water. H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
- Salt : ionic compound formed when the H⁺ of an acid is replaced by metal or ammonium ion. E.g. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.
- Strong vs. weak acids: strong acids fully ionise (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃); weak acids partially ionise (ethanoic acid, citric acid).
- Indicators: litmus (red in acid, blue in alkali), phenolphthalein (colourless in acid, pink in alkali), methyl orange (red in acid, yellow in alkali).
- 中和：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。实质是 H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O。
- 盐：酸中的 H⁺ 被金属或铵根离子取代后的产物。
- 强酸与弱酸：强酸完全电离(HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃)；弱酸部分电离(乙酸、柠檬酸)。
- 指示剂：石蕊(酸红碱蓝)、酚酞(酸无色碱粉红)、甲基橙(酸红碱黄)。
7. Metals and Reactivity Series | 金属与活动性顺序
The reactivity series lists metals in order of how readily they form positive ions. A common mnemonic: Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, (Carbon), Zinc, Iron, (Hydrogen), Copper, Silver, Gold. 'Please Stop Licking Cats, Mice And Zebras In Houses Causing Strange Grunts.'
金属活动性顺序反映金属失去电子形成阳离子的难易程度。口诀：钾钙钠镁铝，锌铁锡铅(氢)，铜汞银铂金。用有节奏的话语帮助记忆。
- Displacement reaction reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound. Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu.
- Reducing agent: the metal that gives electrons, it is oxidised itself. Remember 'OIL RIG' – Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
- Native metals: unreactive metals like gold and platinum found uncombined in the Earth.
- Ore: rock containing enough metal compound to be worth extracting.
- 置换反应：较活泼金属把较不活泼金属从其化合物中置换出来。
- 还原剂：提供电子的金属，自身被氧化。记“失升氧，得降还”。
- 天然金属：如金、铂等不活泼金属，可单质形式存在。
- 矿石：含有足够金属化合物、经济上值得提取的岩石。
8. Electrolysis | 电解
Electrolysis splits ionic compounds using direct current (DC). Electrolyte: the molten or aqueous ionic substance. Electrodes: anode (positive) attracts anions (negative ions); cathode (negative) attracts cations (positive ions). Think: 'AnOx RedCat' – Anode: Oxidation; Reduction: Cathode.
电解是用直流电分解离子化合物。电解质：熔融或水溶液中的离子化合物。电极：阳极(正极)吸引阴离子(负离子)；阴极(负极)吸引阳离子(正离子)。巧记：阳氧阴还——阳极发生氧化，阴极发生还原。
- Electrolyte: must have free-moving ions. Molten ionic compound or aqueous solution.
- Electrode: inert (often graphite or platinum) or reactive.
- Molten lead(II) bromide electrolysis: Pb²⁺ reduced to Pb at cathode; Br⁻ oxidised to Br₂ at anode.
- Aqueous sodium chloride electrolysis: products depend on ion discharge competition. Hydrogen at cathode, chlorine at anode (if concentrated), leaving NaOH in solution.
- 电解质：必须有自由移动的离子。
- 电极：惰性(石墨、铂)或活泼电极。
- 熔融溴化铅电解：阴极 Pb²⁺ 得电子变为 Pb；阳极 Br⁻ 失电子变为 Br₂。
- 氯化钠水溶液电解：阴极生成 H₂，阳极生成 Cl₂(浓溶液)，溶液中留下 NaOH。
9. Organic Chemistry Basics | 有机化学基础
carbon compounds. Alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons. Alkanes (C₍ₙH₂₍ₙ₊₂) are saturated – single bonds only. Alkenes (C₍ₙH₂₍ₙ) are unsaturated – contain a C=C double bond. Think 'alk-Ane has single A-frames; alk-Ene has an E-xtra bond'.
有机化学研究碳化合物。烷烃和烯烃是碳氢化合物。烷烃 (C₍ₙH₂₍ₙ₊₂) 饱和，只有单键；烯烃 (C₍ₙH₂₍ₙ) 不饱和，含 C=C 双键。巧记：“烷”字里有个“完”，饱和完整；“烯”字里有“希”，缺少氢。
- Methane, ethane, propane, butane: first four alkanes. Mneumonic: Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter.
- Ethene, propene, butene: corresponding alkenes.
- Combustion: hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (complete combustion).
- Addition reaction: alkenes open their double bond to add atoms (e.g., bromine water test – orange to colourless).
- Functional group: atom or group giving a family of compounds their characteristic reactions (e.g., –OH in alcohols).
- 甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷：烷烃前四名。
- 乙烯、丙烯、丁烯：对应的烯烃。
- 完全燃烧：烃 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。
- 加成反应：烯烃打开双键加上原子（溴水褪色检验）。
- 官能团：决定一类有机物特性的原子团（如醇的 –OH）。
10. Energy Changes & Rate of Reaction | 能量变化与反应速率
Chemical reactions involve energy changes. Exothermic reactions release heat (exit-thermic, think 'exit' heat). Endothermic reactions absorb heat (enter-thermic, think 'in' heat). Reaction rate depends on temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts.
化学反应伴随能量变化。放热反应释放热量（“放”出）；吸热反应吸收热量（“吸”入）。反应速率受温度、浓度、表面积和催化剂影响。
- Exothermic examples: combustion, neutralisation, respiration.
- Endothermic examples: photosynthesis, thermal decomposition of carbonates.
- Catalyst: substance that speeds up a reaction but is not used up. It provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.
- Activation energy: minimum energy colliding particles need for a reaction to happen. Think of it as the 'energy hump'.
- Collision theory: particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation to react.
- 放热反应实例：燃烧、中和、呼吸作用。
- 吸热反应实例：光合作用、碳酸盐热分解。
- 催化剂：加快反应速率但自身不消耗，能提供较低活化能的路径。
- 活化能：反应发生所需的最低碰撞能量，像能量门槛。
- 碰撞理论：粒子必须碰撞，且能量足够、取向恰当，才能发生反应。
11. Laboratory Equipment & Safety | 实验室设备与安全
Knowing the names of common apparatus is essential. Think visually: a conical flask is cone-shaped; a burette has a tap and precise markings; a pipette delivers a fixed volume. Safety symbols (hazard pictograms) give warnings: flame, corrosive, health hazard.
熟悉常见仪器名称很重要。形象记忆：锥形瓶圆锥形；滴定管带旋塞、有精密刻度；移液管可准确吸取固定体积。安全标志（危害象形图）警示火焰、腐蚀、健康危害等。
- Beaker, conical flask, volumetric flask – different shaped glassware for mixing and measuring.
- Bunsen burner: with safety flame (yellow, incomplete combustion) and roaring blue flame (hot).
- Filtration: separates insoluble solid from liquid using filter paper and funnel. Residue stays on paper, filtrate passes through.
- Distillation: separates liquids with different boiling points. Simple distillation for water purification; fractional distillation for crude oil.
- Safety rules: wear goggles, tie back hair, no eating/drinking, report spills immediately.
- 烧杯、锥形瓶、容量瓶：不同形状的玻璃器皿，用于混合与计量。
- 本生灯：安全火焰(黄色, 不完全燃烧)和咆哮蓝焰(高温)。
- 过滤：分离不溶性固体和液体，用滤纸和漏斗。
- 蒸馏：利用沸点差分离液体。简单蒸馏提纯水，分馏用于原油。
- 安全守则：戴护目镜，扎好头发，不吃不喝，及时报告溅洒。
12. Chemical Analysis & Purity | 化学分析与纯度
A pure substance has a fixed, sharp melting and boiling point; impurities lower the melting point and broaden the melting range. Chromatography separates mixtures based on solubility. Pure substances show one spot on a chromatogram.
纯物质有固定且尖锐的熔点和沸点；杂质使熔点降低并扩大熔程。色谱法根据溶解性差异分离混合物。纯物质在色谱图上仅显示一个斑点。
- Paper chromatography apped in paper). Rf value = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent front.
- Test for water: anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (white → blue) or cobalt chloride paper (blue → pink).
- Test for carbon dioxide: limewater turns milky.
- Test for hydrogen: lighted splint gives a squeaky pop.
- Test for oxygen: glowing splint relights.
- Flame tests: Lithium (crimson), sodium (yellow), potassium (lilac), calcium (brick red), copper (green-blue).
- 纸色谱法：流动相(溶剂)带着组分沿纸上升；固定相(纸纤维中的水)。Rf 值 = 物质移动距离 / 溶剂前沿移动距离。
- 水的检验：无水硫酸铜(白变蓝)或氯化钴试纸(蓝变粉红)。
- 二氧化碳检验：石灰水变浑浊。
- 氢气检验：点燃的木条发出爆鸣声。
- 氧气检验：带火星的木条复燃。
- 焰色反应：锂(深红)、钠(黄)、钾(紫)、钙(砖红)、铜(蓝绿)。
Published by TutorHao | Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
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