📚 Year 10 CCEA Physics: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 CCEA 物理：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to this comprehensive revision guide covering the key concepts of Year 10 CCEA Physics. Mastering these fundamentals will build a strong foundation for your GCSE studies. From motion and forces to radioactivity, each topic is explained clearly to help you succeed.
欢迎阅读这篇 Year 10 CCEA 物理核心知识点的综合复习指南。掌握这些基础知识将为你的 GCSE 学习打下坚实基础。从运动与力到放射性，每个专题都进行了清晰的讲解，助你取得优异成绩。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Motion is the change of an object's position relative to a reference point. Quantities are classified as scalars (magnitude only, e.g., speed, distance, mass) or vectors (magnitude and direction, e.g., velocity, displacement, force).
运动是物体相对于参考点位置的变化。物理量分为标量（仅有大小，如速率、距离、质量）和矢量（既有大小又有方向，如速度、位移、力）。
t to finish in a given direction. Speed = distance / time; velocity = displacement / time.
距离测量路径总长度；位移是从起点到终点的最短直线距离，并具有方向。速率 = 距离 / 时间；速度 = 位移 / 时间。
v = d / t
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is calculated using: a = (v – u) / t velocity. Its unit is m/s². A negative acceleration means the object is slowing down (deceleration).
加速度是速度的变化率，计算公式为：a = (v – u) / t，其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度。单位为 m/s²。负加速度表示物体在减速。
2. Newton's Laws of Motion | 牛顿运动定律
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external resultant force. This is the law of inertia.
牛顿第一定律：若物体所受合外力为零，则物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。这称为惯性定律。
Newton's Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass: F = m a, where F is resultant force in newtons (N), m mass in kg, a acceleration in m/s².
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与所受合外力成正比，与物体质量成反比：F = m a，其中 F 为合力，单位牛顿 (N)；m 为质量 (kg)；a 为加速度 (m/s²)。
Newton's Third Law: For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. These forces act on different objects.
牛顿第三定律：每一个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，且作用在不同的物体上。
3. Energy Forms and Conservation | 能量形式与能量守恒
Energy exists in different forms: kinetic, potential (gravitational, elastic), thermal, chemical, nuclear, etc. It is measured in joules (J).
能量有多种形式：动能、势能（重力势能、弹性势能）、热能、化学能、核能等，单位是焦耳 (J)。
Kinetic energy (K.E.) is the energy of motion: K.E. = ½ m v². Gravitational potential energy (G.P.E.) stored due to height: G.P.E. = m g h, where g = 10 m/s² on Earth (or 9.8).
动能是物体因运动而具有的能量：动能 = ½ m v²。重力势能是因高度而储存的能量：重力势能 = m g h，g 取 10 m/s²（或 9.8）。
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.
能量守恒定律指出：能量既不会凭空产生也不会凭空消失，只会从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。
4. Waves: Properties and Types | 波：性质与类型
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. In transverse waves, oscillations are perpendicular to wave direction (e.g., light, water waves). In longitudinal waves, oscillations are parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound).
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波的振动方向垂直于波的传播方向（如光波、水波）。纵波的振动方向平行于波的传播方向（如声波）。
aximum displacement), wavelength (λ), frequency (f), period (T = 1/f). Wave speed v = f λ.
波的主要参数：振幅（最大位移）、波长 (λ)、频率 (f)、周期 (T = 1/f)。波速公式：v = f λ。
v = f × λ
Wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) × wavelength (m).
波速 (m/s) = 频率 (Hz) × 波长 (m)。
5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays. All travel at the speed of light in vacuum (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s).
电磁波谱按频率或波长排列：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。所有电磁波在真空中均以光速（3.0 × 10⁸ m/s）传播。
Different EM waves have different uses: radio waves for communication, microwaves for cooking and satellite signals, infrared for thermal imaging, visible light for sight, ultraviolet for sterilisation, X-rays for medical imaging, gamma rays for cancer treatment.
不同电磁波有不同用途：无线电波用于通信，微波用于烹饪与卫星信号，红外线用于热成像，可见光提供视觉，紫外线用于消毒，X 射线用于医学影像，伽马射线用于癌症治疗。
Higher frequency EM waves (UV, X-rays, gamma) are ionising and can damage cells. Safety precautions include limiting exposure.
高频率的电磁波（紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线）具有电离能力，可损伤细胞。安全措施包括限制暴露时间。
6. Sound Waves and Hearing | 声波与听觉
Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves that need a medium (solid, liquid, gas) to propagate. They cannot travel through a vacuum.
声波是纵波，属于机械波，需要介质（固体、液体、气体）才能传播，无法在真空中传播。
Sound can be reflected, forming echoes. Ultrasound is sound with frequency above 20,000 Hz, used in medical scanning and sonar.
声波可发生反射形成回声。超声波是频率超过 20,000 Hz 的声波，用于医学扫描和声呐。
The speed of sound in air is about 340 m/s. It travels faster in solids and liquids than in gases.
空气中的声速约为 340 m/s。声音在固体和液体中的传播速度比在气体中快。
7. Electric Circuits and Current | 电路与电流
An electric current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In metals, it is the flow of electrons. Conventional current direction is from positive to negative.
电流是电荷的定向流动，单位为安培 (A)。在金属中，这是自由电子的流动
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