📚 Year 10 AQA Computer Science: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Reference Guide | AQA 十年级计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary of Year 10 AQA Computer Science is one of the most reliable ways to boost both your written and programming assessments. This guide breaks down essential terms into thematic sections, giving you a clear English definition immediately followed by a precise Chinese translation to strengthen recall. Use it alongside your practical coding to turn jargon into real understanding.
掌握十年级 AQA 计算机科学的关键词汇是提高书面题和编程考核成绩的最可靠方法之一。本指南将核心术语按主题划分，每个词条先给出清晰的英文定义，紧接准确的中文翻译，帮助强化记忆。请结合你的编程实践使用本指南，把术语真正转化为扎实的理解。
1. Algorithmic Thinking | 算法思维
Computational thinking: An approach to problem-solving that uses decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction and algorithm design.
计算思维：一种利用分解、模式识别、抽象和算法设计来解决问题的方法。
Algorithm: A step-by-step sequence of instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a problem.
算法：为完成特定任务或解决问题而设计的分步指令序列。
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems.
分解：将一个复杂问题拆分成更小、更易于处理的子问题。
Abstraction: The process of filtering out unnecessary detail and focusing only on the information that is relevant to the problem.
抽象：滤除无关细节、只关注与问题相关信息的思维过程。
Pattern recognition: Identifying similarities, trends or common characteristics in a problem or data set.
模式识别：在问题或数据集中发现相似性、趋势或共同特征。
Pseudocode: A text-based, informal notation used to express algorithms in a style close to natural language and programming constructs, without strict syntax.
伪代码：一种基于文本的非正式表示法，用接近自然语言和编程结构的风格来表达算法，没有严格的语法要求。
Flowchart: A diagram that uses standard symbols (e.g. ovals, rectangles, diamonds) to represent the steps and flow of an algorithm.
流程图：使用标准符号（如椭圆、矩形、菱形）表示算法步骤和流程的示意图。
2. Programming Basics | 编程基础
Source code: The original human-readable program text written in a high-level language before translation.
源代码：用高级语言编写的、翻译前可读的原始程序文本。
Machine code (binary instructions): Low-level code consisting of binary digits that can be executed directly by the CPU.
机器码（二进制指令）：由二进制数字组成的低级代码，能被 CPU 直接执行。
Compiler: A translator that converts the whole source code into machine code in one go, producing an executable file that can run independently.
编译器：一次性将全部源代码转换为机器码的翻译程序，生成可独立运行的可执行文件。
Interpreter: A translator that reads, translates and executes source code line by line, without creating a standalone machine-code file.
解释器：逐行读取、翻译并执行源代码的翻译程序，不生成独立的机器码文件。
Syntax error: A mistake in the grammar or spelling of a programming language that prevents the code from being compiled or interpreted.
语法错误：编程语言中语法或拼写出现的错误，导致代码无法被编译或解释。
Logic error: An error where the program runs without crashing but produces an incorrect or unexpected result.
逻辑错误：程序能正常运行但产生错误或意外结果的一种错误。
Runtime error: An error that occurs during the execution of a program, often causing it to stop unexpectedly.
运行时错误：程序执行过程中发生的错误，常导致程序意外停止。
Debugging: The systematic process of finding and correcting errors in a program.
调试：系统性地查找并纠正程序错误的过程。
3. Data Types and Variables | 数据类型与变量
Variable: A named storage location in memory whose value can change while the program runs.
变量：内存中的一个命名存储位置，其值在程序运行期间可以改变。
Constant: A named storage location whose value cannot be modified after it is assigned.
常量：一个命名存储位置，其值在赋值后不可修改。
Identifier: The unique name given to a variable, constant, function or procedure.
标识符：赋予变量、常量、函数或过程的唯一名称。
Integer: A data type that stores whole numbers, positive or negative, without decimal parts (e.g. -3, 0, 42).
整型：一种存储正负整数、不含小数部分的数据类型（如 -3, 0, 42）。
Float/Real: A data type used to represent numbers with a fractional part or very large/small values (e.g. 3.14, -2.5).
浮点型/实型：用来表示带小数部分或极大/极小数值的数据类型（如 3.14, -2.5）。
Boolean: A data type that can hold only two possible values: true or false.
布尔型：只能存储两个可能值（真或假）的数据类型。
Character: A data type that stores a single letter, digit or symbol (e.g. 'A', '7', '%').
字符型：存储单个字母、数字或符号的数据类型（如 'A', '7', '%'）。
String: A data type used to store a sequence of characters, such as a word or sentence.
字符串：存储一串字符序列的数据类型，如词语或句子。
Assignment: The process of giving a value to a variable or constant, typically shown with an equals sign or left-arrow in pseudocode.
赋值：将一个值赋给变量或常量的过程，伪代码中通常用等号或左箭头表示。
4. Control Structures | 控制结构
Sequence: The default order of execution where instructions are carried out one after another, from top to bottom.
顺序结构：默认的执行顺序，指令从上到下逐条执行。
Selection: A programming construct that allows a decision to be made, determining which code block to execute next (e.g. IF, ELSE IF, ELSE).
选择结构：一种允许做出判断的编程结构，决定下一步执行哪个代码块（如 IF, ELSE IF, ELSE）。
Condition: An expression that evaluates to true or false, used to control selection and iteration.
条件：一个计算结果为真或假的表达式，用于控制选择和迭代。
Iteration (loop): A control structure that repeats a block of code either a set number of times or until a condition is met.
迭代（循环）：一种重复执行某段代码的控制结构，可以执行固定次数或直到满足某个条件为止。
Count-controlled loop (FOR loop): An iteration that repeats a predetermined number of times, often using a counter variable.
计数控制循环（FOR 循环）：重复执行预定次数的迭代，通常使用计数器变量。
Condition-controlled loop (WHILE loop): An iteration that continues to repeat as long as a specified condition remains true.
条件控制循环（WHILE 循环）：只要指定条件为真就持续重复的迭代。
Nested statement: A control structure placed inside another control structure, such as an IF inside a FOR loop.
嵌套语句：放置于另一个控制结构内部的控制结构，例如 FOR 循环内嵌 IF 语句。
5. Data Structures | 数据结构
Array: An ordered, static collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations. Each element is accessed by an index, usually starting at 0.
数组：一组有序的、静态的同类型元素集合，存储在连续的内存空间中。每个元素通过索引（通常从 0 开始）访问。
One-dimensional array: An array that stores data in a single row or list (e.g. names[0..9]).
一维数组：以单行或列表形式存储数据的数组（如 names[0..9]）。
Two-dimensional array: An array organised in rows and columns, like a table or grid, addressed by two indices (e.g. board[row][column]).
二维数组：按行和列组织的数组，类似于表格或网格，由两个索引定位（如 board[row][column]）。
Index: A number that represents the position of an element within an array or string.
索引：代表数组或字符串中元素位置的数字。
Element: An individual data item stored inside an array or list.
元素：存储在数组或列表中的单个数据项。
Record: A data structure that groups together related fields of potentially different data types (e.g. a student record containing name, age, grade).
记录：将可能包含不同数据类型的相关字段组合在一起的数据结构（如包含姓名、年龄、成绩的学生记录）。
Field: A single piece of data within a record, often identified by a field name.
字段：记录中的单个数据项，通常由字段名标识。
6. Number Systems | 数制
Binary (base-2) two digits, 0 and 1. Each position represents a power of 2. Example: 1011₂ = 11 in denary.
二进制（基数为2）：只使用 0 和 1 两个数字的数制。每个位置表示 2 的幂。例如：1011₂ = 十进制 11。
Denary/Decimal (base-10): The familiar number system using ten digits (0–9). Each position represents a power of 10.
十进制（基数为10）：我们熟悉的、使用十个数字（0–9）的数制。每个位置表示 10 的幂。
Hexadecimal (base-16): A number system that uses sixteen symbols: 0–9 and the letters A–F (A=10, B=11, …, F=15). Each hex digit represents four bits (a nibble). Example: 2F₁₆ = 47 in denary.
十六进制（基数为16）：使用十六个符号的数制：0–9 和字母 A–F（A=10, B=11, …, F=15）。每个十六进制数字代表四位二进制（一个半字节）。例如：2F₁₆ = 十进制 47。
Bit: The smallest unit of data in a computer, either a 0 or a 1 (binary digit).
位（比特）：计算机中最小的数据单位，可以是 0 或 1（二进制数字）。
Nibble: A group of four bits (half a byte).
半字节：四位一组（半个字节）。
Byte: A unit of digital information that consists of eight bits. It is the standard unit for measuring memory and file size.
字节：由八个位组成的数字信息单位，是衡量内存和文件大小的标准单位。
Kilobyte (kB): Approximately one thousand bytes (traditionally 1024 bytes).
千字节：约一千字节（传统上为 1024 字节）。
Megabyte (MB): Approximately one million bytes (1024 kilobytes).
兆字节：约一百万字节（1024 千字节）。
Overflow error: An error that occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the number of bits available to store the result.
溢出错误：当算术运算的结果超出用于存储结果的位数时发生的错误。
Binary shift (left/right): An operation that moves all bits a number of places to the left (multiplies by 2 for each shift) or right (integer division by 2 for each shift).
二进制移位（左移/右移）：将所有位向左移动若干位（每次移位乘以 2）或向右移动（每次移位整数除以 2）的操作。
7. Computer Hardware | 计算机硬件
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The 'brain' of the computer that executes instructions, consisting of the control unit, ALU and registers.
中央处理器：计算机的'大脑'，负责执行指令，由控制单元、算术逻辑单元和寄存器组成。
Control Unit (CU): The part of the CPU that directs the fetch-decode-execute cycle by coordinating the flow of data around the processor.
控制单元：CPU 的一部分，通过协调处理器内部的数据流来指挥取指-解码-执行周期。
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The component that performs arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).
算术逻辑单元：执行算术运算（加、减）和逻辑运算（与、或、非）的部件。
Register: A small, extremely fast memory location inside the CPU that temporarily holds data or control information.
寄存器：CPU 内部极快的小型存储位置，用于临时保存数据或控制信息。
Program Counter (PC): A register that stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched.
程序计数器：存储下一条待取指令地址的寄存器。
Memory Address Register (MAR): Holds the address of the memory location that the CPU needs to read from or write to.
内存地址寄存器：保存 CPU 需要读取或写入的内存地址。
Memory Data Register (MDR): Temporarily holds the data or instruction that has been fetched from or is about to be written to memory.
内存数据寄存器：临时保存刚从内存取出或即将写入内存的数据或指令。
Clock speed: The frequency at which the CPU's internal clock ticks, measured in hertz (Hz). A higher clock speed generally means more instructions can be executed per second.
时钟速度：CPU 内部时钟的振荡频率，单位为赫兹（Hz）。更高的时钟速度通常意味着每秒可执行更多指令。
Cache: A small, high-speed memory located near the CPU that stores frequently accessed instructions and data to speed up processing.
缓存：位于 CPU 附近的小型高速存储器，用于存放经常访问的指令和数据以加快处理速度。
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile, fast memory that stores the operating system, programs and data currently in use. Contents are lost when power is off.
随机存取存储器：易失性高速存储器，存放当前正在使用的操作系统、程序和数据。断电后内容丢失。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that retains its contents when power is removed. It typically contains firmware, such as the BIOS (boot instructions).
只读存储器：非易失性存储器，断电后内容仍保留。通常包含固件，如 BIOS（引导指令）。
Virtual memory: A portion of secondary storage (e.g. hard disk) used as an extension of RAM when the main RAM becomes full.
虚拟内存：当主内存（RAM）已满时，将部分辅助存储器（如硬盘）用作 RAM 的扩展。
8. Software | 软件
System software: Programs that manage and control the computer hardware so that application software can run. It includes the operating system, utilities and drivers.
系统软件：管理和控制计算机硬件以使应用软件得以运行的程序。包括操作系统、实用程序和驱动程序。
Operating system (OS): The core system software that provides a user interface, memory management, multitasking, peripheral management and security.
操作系统：核心系统软件，提供用户界面、内存管理、多任务处理、外设管理和安全功能。
Utility software: System software designed to perform maintenance or configuration tasks, such as backup, disk defragmentation, encryption and anti-malware.
实用软件：旨在执行维护或配置任务的系统软件，如备份、磁盘碎片整理、加密和反恶意软件。
Application software: Programs that allow users to perform specific tasks, such as word processors, web browsers and games.
应用软件：允许用户执行特定任务的程序，如文字处理器、网页浏览器和游戏。
Proprietary software: Software where the source code is owned and controlled by the developer. Users usually pay for a licence and cannot modify or redistribute the code.
专有软件：源代码由开发者拥有和控制的软件。用户通常需购买许可，不能修改或再分发代码。
Open source software: Software whose source code is made freely available. It can be modified, studied and shared, often with a community-driven development model.
开源软件：源代码免费公开的软件。可以修改、研究和分享，通常采用社区驱动的开发模式。
9. Networks | 网络
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that covers a small geographical area, typically one building or campus, connecting computers and devices with high-speed cables or Wi-Fi.
局域网：覆盖较小地理区域的网络，通常在一栋建筑或校园内，通过高速电缆或 Wi-Fi 连接计算机和设备。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs. The Internet is the largest WAN.
广域网：跨越广阔地理区域的网络，常连接多个局域网。互联网是最大的广域网。
Client-server model: A network architecture where a powerful central server provides resources, data or services to many less powerful client devices.
客户端-服务器模型：一种网络架构，由功能强大的中央服务器向众多功能较弱的客户端设备提供资源、数据或服务。
Peer-to-peer (P2P) model: A network where all computers have equal status and can directly share resources with each other without a central server.
点对点模型：所有计算机地位平等、无需中央服务器即可直接相互共享资源的网络。
Network topology: The physical or logical arrangement of devices and connections in a network (e.g. star, bus, ring, mesh).
网络拓扑：网络中设备和连接的物理或逻辑布局（如星型、总线型、环型、网状型）。
Star topology: All devices are connected to a central switch or hub. If one cable fails, only that device is affected.
星型拓扑：所有设备都连接到中央交换机或集线器。若一条线缆故障，只影响该设备。
Router: A network device that forwards data packets between different networks, using IP addresses to determine the best path.
路由器：在不同网络之间转发数据包的网络设备，使用 IP 地址确定最佳路径。
Switch: A device that connects devices on a LAN and forwards data frames to the correct destination using MAC addresses.
交换机：连接局域网内设备并使用 MAC 地址将数据帧转发至正确目的地的设备。
Protocol: A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network.
协议：管理网络数据传输和接收的一套规则。
TCP/IP: The fundamental protocol suite for the Internet. TCP breaks data into packets and ensures reliable delivery; IP handles addressing and routing.
传输控制协议/网际协议：互联网的基础协议族。TCP 将数据分割成数据包并确保可靠交付；IP 负责寻址和路由。
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): A protocol used to transfer web pages from a server to a browser. Data is sent in plain text.
超文本传输协议：用于将网页从服务器传输到浏览器的协议，以明文形式发送数据。
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): An encrypted version of HTTP that uses SSL/TLS to protect the integrity and confidentiality of data.
超文本传输安全协议：HTTP 的加密版本，使用 SSL/TLS 保护数据的完整性和机密性。
IP address: A unique numerical address assigned to each device on a network, used to identify and locate it (e.g. IPv4: 192.168.1.1).
IP 地址：分配给网络上每个设备的唯一数字地址，用于标识和定位设备（如 IPv4: 192.168.1.1）。
MAC address: A hardware identifier burnt into a network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer, used for local network communication.
MAC 地址：由制造商烧录到网络接口卡中的硬件标识符，用于局域网内的通信。
Packet switching: A method of breaking data into small packets, sending them independently across a network, and reassembling them at the destination.
分组交换：将数据分割成小数据包，通过网络独立发送并在目的地重新组装的方法。
10. Cybersecurity | 网络安全
Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to computer systems. Includes viruses, worms, trojans and ransomware.
恶意软件：旨在损坏、破坏或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。包括病毒、蠕虫、木马和勒索软件。
Virus: A type of malware that attaches itself to a legitimate program and spreads when the infected program is executed.
病毒：一种附加在合法程序上、当受感染程序执行时进行传播的恶意软件。
Worm: A self-replicating malware that spreads across networks without needing to attach to a host program.
蠕虫：一种自我复制的恶意软件，无需附着于宿主程序即可跨网络传播。
Trojan horse: Malware disguised as a harmless or useful application to trick users into installing it.
特洛伊木马：伪装成无害或有用应用程序以诱骗用户安装的恶意软件。
Spyware: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information without consent.
间谍软件：在未经同意的情况下秘密监视并收集用户信息的软件。
Ransomware: Malware that encrypts a victim's files and demands payment to restore access.
勒索软件：加密受害者文件并要求支付赎金才能恢复访问的恶意软件。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages are sent to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information.
网络钓鱼：一种社会工程攻击，发送欺诈性电子邮件或信息诱骗收件人透露敏感信息。
Social engineering: The psychological manipulation of people to persuade them to divulge confidential information or perform actions that compromise security.
社会工程学：通过心理操纵说服人们泄露机密信息或执行危害安全的行为。
Brute-force attack: An automated trial-and-error method of cracking passwords or encryption by systematically trying every possible combination.
暴力破解攻击：一种通过系统性地尝试每种可能组合来破解密码或加密的自动化试错方法。
Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack: An attack that floods a network or server with excessive traffic to make it unavailable to legitimate users.
拒绝服务攻击：以过量流量淹没网络或服务器致使其无法为合法用户提供服务的攻击。
Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙：一种根据预设安全规则监控并控制进出流量的网络安全系统。
Encryption: The process of converting plain text into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorised parties can read it.
加密：使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文，使只有经授权方才能读取的过程。
Penetration testing (pen testing): An authorised simulated attack on a computer system to evaluate its security strengths and weaknesses.
渗透测试：经授权的对计算机系统的模拟攻击，用于评估其安全弱点与优势。
Anti-malware software: Software designed to detect, quarantine and remove malicious programs from a device.
反恶意软件：旨在检测、隔离并清除设备上恶意程序的软件。
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