📚 Vocabulary Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential quick-memorisation guide for the Year 10 Eduqas GCSE Physical Education course. Mastering the key terminology is not just about passing the exam, it is about learning to speak the language of sport, health and human performance. This guide breaks down every major system and concept into clear, paired definitions, so you can lock the vocabulary into your long-term memory and confidently use it in your written responses.
欢迎使用 Year 10 Eduqas GCSE 体育必修词汇术语速记指南。掌握这些关键术语不仅是为了通过考试，更是为了学会用体育、健康与人体表现的语言去思考和表达。本指南将每一个重要的系统与概念拆解成清晰的中英文配对释义，帮助你把这些词汇牢牢锁进长期记忆，并在作答时自信地运用它们。
1. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统核心术语
The skeleton provides the framework for movement, protection and support. In the Eduqas specification, you need to know not just the bone names, but also the structural terms that describe their arrangement and functions.
骨骼为运动、保护与支撑提供了框架。在 Eduqas 考纲中，你不仅需要知道骨骼的名称，还要掌握描述其排列方式与功能的结构性术语。
- Axial skeleton: The central core of the body, including the skull, vertebral column and rib cage. It protects the central nervous system and vital organs.
- 中轴骨：人体的中心支柱，包括颅骨、脊柱和胸廓，保护中枢神经系统和重要内脏器官。
- Appendicular skeleton: The bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. It facilitates gross movement.
- 附肢骨：四肢骨骼以及将它们连接到中轴骨的肩带和骨盆带，主要功能是实现大幅度的身体运动。
- Long bone: A bone that is longer than it is wide, such as the femur or humerus. It acts as a lever for movement and contains bone marrow for blood cell production.
- 长骨：长度大于宽度的骨骼，比如股骨和肱骨，作为运动的杠杆，内部含有负责造血的骨髓。
- Flat bone: A thin, flattened bone like the cranium or scapula. Its large surface area provides extensive protection and allows for muscle attachment.
- 扁骨：薄而扁平的骨骼，如颅骨和肩胛骨，大面积起到保护作用并提供肌肉附着面。
- Joint: A point where two or more bones meet. Joints allow varying degrees of movement and are classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial.
- 关节：两块或以上骨骼的连接处。关节允许不同程度的运动，从结构上可分为纤维关节、软骨关节和滑膜关节。
2. Muscular System Vocabulary | 肌肉系统词汇
Understanding how muscles produce movement is fundamental to sports science. The terminology here describes muscle roles, types of contraction and the relationship between muscles at a joint.
理解肌肉如何产生运动是体育科学的基础。此处的术语描述了肌肉的角色、收缩类型以及关节处肌肉之间的关系。
- Agonist (prime mover): The muscle that contracts to create the desired movement. For example, the biceps brachii is the agonist during elbow flexion.
- 主动肌：收缩从而产生目标动作的肌肉。例如，肱二头肌在肘关节屈曲时作为主动肌。
- Antagonist: The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to work effectively. It opposes the action of the agonist and can help control movement speed.
- 拮抗肌：放松以让主动肌有效工作的肌肉。它的作用与主动肌相反，并有助于控制运动速度。
- Isotonic contraction: A muscle contraction where the muscle changes length while generating tension. It is subdivided into concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) phases.
- 等张收缩：肌肉在产生张力时长度发生变化的收缩形式，细分为向心收缩（肌肉缩短）和离心收缩（肌肉拉长）。
- Isometric contraction: A contraction where the muscle generates tension but does not change length. There is no visible movement at the joint, such as holding a plank position.
- 等长收缩：肌肉产生张力但长度不变的收缩。关节处不发生可见的运动，比如平板支撑姿势。
- Antagonistic muscle pair: A pair of muscles that work together to produce coordinated movement at a joint. One contracts while the other relaxes, such as the quadriceps and hamstrings at the knee.
- 拮抗肌对：协同工作以在关节处产生协调动作的一对肌肉。一块收缩时另一块放松，例如膝关节处的股四头肌和腘肌。
3. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients and waste products around the body. Terms linked to heart structure, blood vessels and blood composition are frequently tested.
心血管系统负责在全身运输氧气、营养物质和废物。与心脏结构、血管和血液成分相关的术语在考试中高频出现。
- Atria: The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood returning to the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood, and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
- 心房：心脏上方的两个腔室，负责接收回心血液。右心房接收脱氧血，左心房接收来自肺部的含氧血。
- Ventricles: The two lower, thick-walled chambers that pump blood out of the heart. The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it must pump blood to the entire body.
- 心室：心脏下方的两个厚壁腔室，负责将血液泵出心脏。左心室壁最厚，因为它需要将血液泵送到全身。
- Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood under high pressure and have thick, elastic muscular walls.
- 动脉：将血液从心脏运走的血管。大多数动脉在高压下运输含氧血，管壁厚实且富有弹性肌肉。
- Vein: A vessel that carries blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood and contain one-way valves to prevent backflow under low pressure.
- 静脉：将血液运回心脏的血管。大多数静脉运输脱氧血，内含防止血液在低压下倒流的单向瓣膜。
- Capillary: A microscopic blood vessel that is just one cell thick. It allows for efficient gas exchange and nutrient transfer between the blood and body tissues.
- 毛细血管：仅有一个细胞厚度的微观血管，能够在血液与身体组织之间进行高效的气体交换和营养物质转移。
4. Respiratory System and Gaseous Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换
Oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal are the central challenges of exercise physiology. You must be able to define the structures, volumes and mechanisms that make breathing and respiration possible.
氧气的输送与二氧化碳的清除是运动生理学的核心挑战。你必须能够定义使呼吸活动和细胞呼吸得以进行的结构、容量和机制。
- Trachea: The windpipe, a rigid tube reinforced by C-shaped cartilage rings. It carries inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi and warms and moistens the air.
- 气管：由C形软骨环加固的刚性管道，将吸入的空气从喉部运送到支气管，并对其进行加温和湿润。
- Alveoli: Tiny, grape-like air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. They are surrounded by a dense capillary network and are the primary site of gas exchange.
- 肺泡：位于细支气管末端的微小葡萄状气囊，周围被密集的毛细血管网包裹，是气体交换的主要场所。
- Diffusion: The passive movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
- 扩散：气体分子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的被动运动。氧气从肺泡扩散到血液中，二氧化碳则扩散出去。
- Tidal volume: The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a single normal breath. It increases significantly during exercise to meet the higher oxygen demand.
- 潮气量：一次正常呼吸中吸入或呼出的空气量。运动期间它会显著增加，以满足更高的需氧量。
- Minute ventilation: The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate.
- 每分通气量：每分钟进出肺部的气体总量，由潮气量乘以呼吸频率计算得出。
5. Levers and Mechanical Advantage | 杠杆与机械优势
Movement in the human body is governed by levers. The Eduqas exam expects you to identify the three classes of lever, draw them in applied sporting contexts, and calculate or explain mechanical advantage.
人体的运动由杠杆原理决定。Eduqas 考试要求你能够识别三种类型的杠杆，在运动情境中画出杠杆示意图，并计算或解释机械优势。
- First-class lever: A lever where the fulcrum sits between the effort and the load. An extension of the neck looking upwards is an example, where the atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum.
- 第一类杠杆：支点位于作用力和负荷之间的杠杆。抬头向上看时的颈部伸展就是一个例子，其中寰枕关节是支点。
- Second-class lever: A lever where the load lies between the fulcrum and the effort. It always has a mechanical advantage greater than one. A standing calf raise, with the ball of the foot as the fulcrum, is the classic example.
- 第二类杠杆：负荷位于支点和作用力之间的杠杆。它的机械优势永远大于一。经典的例子是站姿提踵，以脚掌为支点。
- Third-class lever: A lever where the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load. Most body movements are third-class levers, such as a biceps curl. These levers favour speed and range of movement over force.
- 第三类杠杆：作用力施加在支点和负荷之间的杠杆。人体大多数动作属于此类，比如肱二头肌弯举。这类杠杆牺牲力量，换取速度和运动幅度。
- Mechanical advantage: A measure of the efficiency of a lever. It is calculated by dividing the effort arm length by the resistance arm length. A value above 1 means the lever can move a heavy load with relatively little effort.
- 机械优势：衡量杠杆效率的指标，由作用力臂长度除以阻力臂长度计算得出。数值大于1意味着可以用较小的力量移动较重负荷。
6. Planes and Axes of Movement | 运动平面与轴
To analyse sporting movements precisely, we categorise motion into three planes and three axes. Knowing these allows you to describe how a body rotates or travels during a specific skill.
为了精确分析运动动作，我们将运动划分为三个平面和三个轴。掌握这些知识有助于你在描述某项特定技能时，说明身体如何旋转或移动。
- Sagittal plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves. Movements in this plane occur forwards and backwards, such as running forward or performing a lunging tackle in football.
- 矢状面：将身体分为左右两半的垂直平面。在该平面内发生的运动是向前和向后的，例如向前跑或在足球中做弓箭步铲球。
- Frontal plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into front and back portions. Movements are side-to-side, such as a cartwheel in gymnastics or a lateral raise in weight training.
- 额状面：将身体分为前后两部分的垂直平面。运动是侧向进行的，例如体操侧手翻或负重训练中的侧平举。
- Transverse plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts. Rotational movements, such as a discus throw or a golf swing, occur in this plane.
- 横断面：将身体分为上下两部分的水平平面。旋转运动，如掷铁饼或高尔夫挥杆，发生在该平面内。
- Longitudinal axis: An axis that runs vertically from head to toe. Rotation around this axis occurs in the transverse plane. A full ice-skating pirouette rotates around the longitudinal axis.
- 纵轴：从头到脚垂直贯穿身体的轴。绕该轴进行的旋转发生在横断面内。一个完整的冰上旋转就是围绕纵轴进行的。
- Transverse axis: An axis that runs horizontally from left to right. Movements around this axis are in the sagittal plane. A forward roll in a dive tucks the body around the transverse axis.
- 横轴：从左到右水平延伸的轴。绕该轴的运动位于矢状面内。跳水中的前滚翻就是身体绕横轴团身旋转。
7. Health, Fitness and Well-being | 健康、体适能与福祉
These terms are often used interchangeably in daily life, but in GCSE PE they have distinct definitions that you must keep separate. The Eduqas mark scheme rewards precise use of health, fitness and well-being terminology.
这些词在日常生活中常被混用，但在 GCSE 体育中它们有截然不同的定义，你必须区分清楚。Eduqas 的评分标准会给精准使用健康、体适能和福祉术语的答案加分。
- Health: A complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is a holistic concept covering every aspect of a person's life.
- 健康：身体、心理和社交层面均处于完整良好的状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病或体弱。它是一个涵盖个人生活各个方面的整体概念。
- Fitness: The ability to meet the demands of the environment. It is task-specific. A marathon runner has high cardiovascular fitness, but that same fitness level might not transfer to a weightlifting competition.
- 体适能：满足环境需求的能力。它具有任务特异性。马拉松运动员拥有很高的心血管适能，但这同样的体适能水平未必适用于举重比赛。
- Well-being: A positive state of feeling comfortable, healthy and happy. It combines emotional, physical and psychological elements and is often supported by regular physical activity and a sense of belonging.
- 福祉：感觉舒适、健康和快乐的积极状态。它融合了情绪、身体和心理因素，通常由规律的体育活动与归属感所支撑。
- Sedentary lifestyle: A pattern of behaviour characterised by a lot of time spent sitting or lying down with very low energy expenditure. It is a risk factor for obesity, cardiovascular disease and poor mental health.
- 久坐生活方式：以长时间坐着或躺着且能量消耗极低为特征的行为模式，是肥胖、心血管疾病和不良心理健康的危险因素。
8. Methods of Training and Principles of Exercise | 训练方法与运动原则
Effective training programmes are built on a sound understanding of how the body adapts to physical stress. The terminology in this section helps you explain why certain training methods are used and how to avoid performance plateaus or injury.
有效的训练计划建立在对身体如何适应物理压力的深入理解之上。本节的术语帮助你解释为何使用某些训练方法，以及如何避免成绩平台期或受伤。
- Specificity: The principle that training must be relevant to the sport or activity. A sprinter should train with explosive, high-intensity drills, not slow, long-distance running.
- 专项性：训练必须与所从事的运动或活动相关。短跑运动员应进行爆发性、高强度的训练，而不是缓慢的长距离跑步。
- Progressive overload: Gradually increasing the amount of stress placed on the body during training. This can be achieved by altering frequency, intensity, time or type of exercise.
- 渐进超负荷：在训练过程中逐步增加施加于身体的压力。可以通过改变训练频率、强度、时间或类型来实现。
- Reversibility: The loss of fitness gains when training is stopped or decreased significantly. Athletes use this term to describe how quickly adaptations, such as aerobic capacity, can decline during the off-season.
- 可逆性：当训练停止或显著减少时，已获得的体适能提升会丢失。运动员用此术语形容休赛期间有氧能力等适应成果衰退的速度。
- Interval training: A training method involving periods of high-intensity work followed by periods of rest or low-intensity recovery. It is highly effective for improving both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.
- 间歇训练：由高强度运动时段与休息或低强度恢复时段交替组成的训练方法，对提高有氧和无氧适能都极为有效。
- FITT principle: A framework of Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type used to design and monitor a training programme. Adjusting one or more of these variables is essential for maintaining progressive overload.
- FITT 原则：由频率、强度、时间和类型组成的框架，用于设计和监控训练计划。调整其中一个或多个变量对于维持渐进超负荷至关重要。
9. Movement Analysis and Joint Actions | 动作分析与关节动作
Accurate use of movement terminology separates a passing answer from an excellent one. You must be able to name the joint action, the joint type and the main agonist for a range of sporting movements.
准确使用动作术语是把及格答案和优秀答案区分开来的关键。你必须能够针对一系列运动动作，说出关节的活动类型、关节类型以及主要的主动肌。
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle at a joint. Elbow flexion occurs when the forearm is brought closer to the upper arm, as in the upward phase of a bicep curl.
- 屈曲：减小关节角度。肘关节屈曲发生在前臂靠近上臂时，例如肱二头肌弯举的向上阶段。
- Extension: Increasing the angle at a joint back to the anatomical position or beyond. Kicking a football involves vigorous knee extension.
- 伸展：将关节角度增大回到解剖学位置或超出。踢足球涉及有力的膝关节伸展。
- Abduction: Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. Lifting the arm sideways to perform a star jump involves abduction at the shoulder joint.
- 外展：肢体远离身体中线的运动。做开合跳时手臂侧举就是肩关节的外展。
- Adduction: Movement of a limb towards the midline. The return phase of the star jump arm action relies on shoulder adduction.
- 内收：肢体朝向身体中线的运动。开合跳手臂收回阶段依赖肩关节内收完成。
- Rotation: A turning movement around an axis. A butterfly swimmer's shoulder rotation allows the arms to recover smoothly above the water.
- 旋转：围绕一个轴进行的转动。蝶泳运动员的肩部旋转让手臂得以在水面上方顺利移臂恢复。
10. Acute and Long-Term Effects of Exercise | 运动的急性与长期效应
Your body responds immediately to a single bout of exercise, and it also undergoes sustained changes after months of training. Distinguishing between acute and chronic effects is a common requirement in exam questions on body systems.
你的身体会对单次运动立即产生反应，同时在经过数月训练后也会发生持续改变。区分急性效应与慢性效应是身体系统相关考题中的常见要求。
- Heart rate (acute): The number of heart beats per minute. It increases rapidly at the onset of exercise to supply more oxygen to working muscles.
- 心率 (急性)：每分钟心脏跳动的次数。运动开始时会迅速上升，为工作肌肉提供更多氧气。
- Stroke volume (acute): The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. It rises during exercise due to stronger, more complete ventricular contractions.
- 每搏输出量 (急性)：左心室每次搏动所泵出的血量。运动期间因心室收缩更有力、更充分而增加。
- Cardiac output (long-term) d athlete develops a larger cardiac output maximum and can sustain higher intensities longer.
- 心输出量 (长期)：每搏输出量乘以心率。受过训练的运动员最大心输出量更高，能够更持久地维持高强度运动。
- Hypertrophy (long-term): An increase in muscle size and cross-sectional area. It results from consistent resistance training and leads to greater strength capacity.
- 肌肥大 (长期)：肌肉尺寸和横截面积的增加。是持续抗阻训练的结果，带来更强的力量输出能力。
- Bradycardia (long-term): A lower resting heart rate. Endurance athletes often have resting heart rates well below 60 bpm, reflecting a highly efficient heart.
- 心动过缓 (长期)：较低的静息心率。耐力运动员的静息心率常远低于 60 次/分钟，反映出心脏的高效率。
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