📚 Year 10 AQA Geography: Key Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 10 AQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南
This quick-reference guide brings together the essential geographical terms that Year 10 students need to master for AQA GCSE Geography. Using these definitions actively in your revision will help you analyse case studies, interpret data and write high-mark exam answers with confidence.
本速记指南汇集了 Year 10 学生必须掌握的核心地理术语，紧扣 AQA GCSE 考纲。在复习中积极运用这些定义，将帮助你自信地分析案例、解读数据并写出高分答案。
1. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害
Plate margin: The boundary where two tectonic plates meet. Most earthquake and volcanic activity occurs along these margins.
板块边界：两个构造板块相遇的边界。大部分地震和火山活动都沿这些边界发生。
Constructive plate margin: A boundary where two plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and form new crust as it cools. This can create shield volcanoes and rift valleys.
建设性板块边界：两个板块彼此远离的边界，岩浆上涌并冷却形成新地壳，可形成盾状火山和裂谷。
Destructive plate margin: A boundary where an oceanic plate is forced beneath a continental plate (subduction). Friction triggers earthquakes and explosive composite volcanoes.
破坏性板块边界：大洋板块俯冲到大陆板块之下的边界。摩擦引发地震和爆发性复合火山。
Conservative plate margin: A boundary where two plates slide past each other horizontally. Crust is neither created nor destroyed, but friction causes powerful earthquakes.
保守型板块边界：两个板块水平滑过的边界。地壳既不生成也不消亡，但摩擦导致强烈地震。
Collision plate margin: A boundary where two continental plates collide, forcing the crust upwards to form fold mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.
碰撞型板块边界：两个大陆板块碰撞的边界，地壳被迫抬升形成褶皱山脉，如喜马拉雅山。
Subduction: The process by which a denser oceanic plate sinks beneath a less dense continental plate into the mantle. This generates magma and deep-ocean trenches.
俯冲：较致密的大洋板块沉入较不致密的大陆板块下方的地幔中的过程，产生岩浆并形成深海海沟。
Earthquake focus: The point inside the Earth where the earthquake rupture begins. It is located beneath the epicentre.
震源：地震破裂起始的地下位置，位于震中下方。
Epicentre: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus. It usually experiences the strongest shaking.
震中：震源正上方的地表点，通常遭受最强烈的震动。
Richter scale: A logarithmic scale that measures the magnitude (energy released) of an earthquake. Each whole-number increase represents about 31 times more energy.
里氏震级：一种测量地震震级（释放能量）的对数尺度，每增加一级能量约增加 31 倍。
Tsunami: A series of giant ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or landslides. They can travel at high speed and devastate coastal areas.
海啸：由海底地震、火山喷发或滑坡引发的一系列巨型海浪，传播速度快，能对沿海地区造成毁灭性破坏。
2. Weather Hazards | 天气灾害
Tropical storm: A rotating, low-pressure weather system that brings strong winds and torrential rain. Depending on location, it is called a hurricane (Atlantic/eastern Pacific), typhoon (northwest Pacific) or cyclone (Indian Ocean).
热带风暴：一种旋转的低气压天气系统，带来强风和暴雨。因海域不同分别称为飓风（大西洋/东太平洋）、台风（西北太平洋）或旋风（印度洋）。
Coriolis effect: The deflection of moving air and water caused by the Earth's rotation. In the Northern Hemisphere winds are deflected to the right, in the Southern Hemisphere to the left.
科里奥利效应：由于地球自转引起运动空气和水流发生偏转的现象。北半球向右偏，南半球向左偏。
Eye of the storm: The calm, clear centre of a tropical storm where air descends. Winds are light, but the surrounding eyewall has the most violent weather.
台风眼：热带风暴中平静晴朗的中心，空气下沉，风力微弱，但周围的眼墙天气最为猛烈。
Storm surge: A rapid rise in sea level caused by a storm pushing water towards the coast. It is often the most dangerous aspect of a tropical storm, causing severe flooding.
风暴潮：由风暴将海水推向海岸引起的海面快速上升，往往是热带风暴中最危险的部分，导致严重洪水。
Climate: The average weather conditions of a place recorded over a long period (at least 30 years).
气候：一个地方长期（至少 30 年）记录下来的平均天气状况。
Weather: The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere – including temperature, precipitation, wind and humidity – in a specific place at a specific time.
天气：特定地点和特定时间的大气日常状况，包括气温、降水、风和湿度。
General atmospheric circulation model: A large-scale model showing how air moves in cells around the Earth, transferring heat from the equator to the poles and influencing global climate zones.
全球大气环流模式：一个显示空气如何在全球范围内以环流圈形式移动的大尺度模式，将热量从赤道输送到两极，影响全球气候带分布。
Hadley cell: The largest atmospheric circulation cell. Warm air rises at the equator, moves poleward, and then descends at around 30° latitude, creating subtropical high-pressure belts and deserts.
哈德莱环流：最大的大气环流圈。暖空气在赤道上升，向两极方向移动，而后在纬度 30° 附近下沉，形成副热带高气压带和沙漠。
Extreme weather: Severe or unusual weather events – such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, droughts and strong storms – that can cause significant damage and loss of life.
极端天气：造成重大破坏和生命损失的严重或不寻常的天气事件，包括热浪、暴雨、干旱和强风暴。
3. Climate Change | 气候变化
Greenhouse effect: The natural process by which greenhouse gases trap some of the Sun's heat in the atmosphere, keeping Earth warm enough to support life.
温室效应：温室气体将部分太阳热量截留在大气中的自然过程，使地球保持足以维持生命的温暖。
Enhanced greenhouse effect: The acceleration of the natural greenhouse effect due to human activities (burning fossil fuels, deforestation), which adds extra greenhouse gases and causes global warming.
增强的温室效应：人类活动（燃烧化石燃料、砍伐森林）导致温室气体额外增加，加速了自然温室效应，引发全球变暖。
Greenhouse gas: Gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) that absorb and re-radiate heat, warming the atmosphere.
温室气体：如二氧化碳 (CO₂)、甲烷 (CH₄) 和一氧化二氮 (N₂O) 等气体，能吸收并重新辐射热量，使大气升温。
Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases – measured in carbon dioxide equivalent – produced directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation or product.
碳足迹：个体、组织或产品直接或间接产生的温室气体总量，以二氧化碳当量衡量。
Mitigation: Actions taken to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases, for example using renewable energy, improving public transport and planting trees.
减缓：为减少或防止温室气体排放而采取的行动，例如使用可再生能源、改善公共交通和植树。
Adaptation: Adjustments made to cope with the expected impacts of climate change, such as building flood defences, developing drought-resistant crops and managing water resources.
适应：为应对气候变化的预期影响而做出的调整，如修建防洪设施、培育耐旱作物和管理水资源。
Fossil fuel: Carbon-rich fuels – coal, oil and natural gas – formed from the remains of ancient organisms. Their combustion releases stored carbon as CO₂.
化石燃料：由古代生物遗骸形成的富碳燃料，如煤、石油和天然气，燃烧时会以 CO₂ 形式释放储存的碳。
Ice core: A cylinder of ice drilled from an ice sheet or glacier. Trapped air bubbles provide a record of past atmospheric composition and temperature, extending back hundreds of thousands of years.
冰芯：从冰盖或冰川钻取的冰柱，其中封存的气泡提供了过去数十万年大气成分和温度的记录。
Quaternary period: The current geological period, spanning the last 2.6 million years. It is marked by repeated glacial and interglacial cycles, and recent anthropogenic climate change is superimposed onto this pattern.
第四纪：当前的地质时期，跨越近 260 万年，以冰期与间冰期反复交替为特征，近期的人类活动气候变化叠加在此自然模式之上。
4. River Landscapes | 河流景观
Drainage basin: The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. It is also known as a catchment area.
流域：由一条河流及其支流排水的陆地区域，又称集水区。
Watershed: The highland boundary that separates one drainage basin from another.
分水岭：将一个流域与另一个流域分开的高地边界。
Source: The point where a river begins, often in upland areas such as springs, bogs or meltwater from glaciers.
源头：河流发源的地点，通常位于高地，如泉水、沼泽或冰川融水。
Mouth: The point where a river enters the sea or a lake. It may form a delta or estuary.
河口：河流注入海洋或湖泊的地点，可能形成三角洲或河口湾。
Tributary: A smaller stream or river that flows into a larger river.
支流：流入更大河流的小溪或小河。
Confluence: The point where two rivers meet and join.
汇流处：两条河流汇合的地点。
Hydraulic action: The erosive force of moving water trapping air in cracks and breaking rock particles away from the bed and banks.
水力作用：流水将空气压入裂隙并迫使岩屑脱离河床与河岸的侵蚀力。
Abrasion (corrasion): The scraping and wearing away of the river bed and banks by rock fragments carried by the river.
磨蚀：河流携带的岩屑对河床和河岸进行刮擦磨耗的过程。
Attrition: The wearing down of rock particles as they collide with each other, becoming smaller, rounder and smoother.
磨耗：岩屑在碰撞中相互磨损，变小、变圆、变光滑的过程。
Solution (corrosion): The dissolution of soluble rocks (such as limestone) by the slightly acidic river water.
溶蚀：微酸性河水溶解可溶性岩石（如石灰岩）的过程。
Transportation: The movement of a river's load. The four main processes are traction (large particles rolled), saltation (smaller particles bounced), suspension (fine particles carried within the water) and solution (dissolved material).
搬运：河流输送其负载物的过程，四种主要方式为：推移质（大颗粒滚动）、跃移（较小颗粒弹跳）、悬移（细颗粒悬浮水中）和溶解质（溶解物质）。
Meander: A pronounced bend in a river channel. It forms as water flows fastest on the outside of the bend, eroding the bank, while slower flow on the inside encourages deposition.
曲流：河流河道中明显的弯曲，外侧水流最快，侵蚀河岸，而内侧水流较慢，促进沉积。
Oxbow lake: A crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel by deposition across the neck.
牛轭湖：当曲流颈部被沉积物截断而与主河道隔离后形成的月牙形湖泊。
Floodplain: The flat area of land alongside a river that is naturally subject to flooding. It is built up by layers of alluvium deposited during floods.
洪泛平原：河流沿岸易受洪水淹没的平坦低地，由洪水期沉积的冲积土层逐渐堆积形成。
Levee: A raised bank along the river channel, formed naturally by repeated deposition of coarse material during floods or built artificially for flood defence.
天然堤：沿河道分布的高出地面的沉积脊，由洪水期粗粒物质反复沉积天然形成，也可人工修筑用做防洪堤。
Discharge ed in cubic metres per second (m³/s). It is calculated as cross-sectional area × velocity.
流量：单位时间内通过河流某断面的水体体积，通常以立方米每秒 (m³/s) 计量，公式为横截面积 × 流速。
5. Coastal Landscapes | 海岸景观
Fetch: The distance of open sea over which the wind blows. A longer fetch allows larger, more powerful waves to develop.
吹程：风吹过开阔海面的距离。吹程越长，越容易形成大而强劲的海
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