📚 Year 10 AQA Geography: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook brings together all the essential formulas, calculations, and key theorems you need for Year 10 AQA Geography. Whether you are working on map skills, population dynamics, river processes, or economic indicators, having these tools at your fingertips will help you answer exam questions accurately and confidently. Every formula is explained with a worked example and linked directly to the specification.
这本速查手册汇集了 Year 10 AQA 地理课程所需的所有基本公式、计算方法和关键定理。无论你是在学习地图技能、人口动态、河流过程还是经济指标，掌握这些工具都能帮助你准确、自信地回答考试问题。每个公式都配有示例解析，并直接对应考纲要求。
1. Map Scale Conversion | 地图比例尺换算
The scale of a map shows the relationship between a distance on the map and the real distance on the ground. For a 1:50 000 scale, 1 cm on the map represents 50 000 cm (0.5 km) on the ground. To convert map distance to actual distance: Actual distance (cm) = Map distance (cm) × Scale factor.
地图比例尺显示地图上的距离与地面实际距离之间的关系。对于 1:50 000 的比例尺，地图上 1 厘米代表地面上 50 000 厘米（0.5 公里）。将地图距离转换为实际距离的公式为：实际距离（厘米）= 地图距离（厘米）× 比例系数。
Always convert to the same units before multiplying. To change cm to km, divide by 100 000.
相乘之前务必统一单位。要将厘米转换为公里，除以 100 000。
2. Six-Figure Grid References | 六位网格坐标
rence locates a point within a 100 m × 100 m square on an Ordnance Survey map. The rule is 'along the corridor and up the stairs' 3 means the point lies 2/10 of the way across square 45, and 3/10 of the way up square 33.
六位网格坐标用于在 Ordnance Survey 地图上定位 100 米 × 100 米方格内的某一点。规则是“先横后纵”：先读取东向值（底部数字），再读取北向值（侧面数字）。例如，GR 452 333 表示该点位于方格 45 十分之二的横向位置，以及方格 33 十分之三的纵向位置。
You subdivide each grid square into tenths by eye to give the third and sixth figures.
你需要通过目测将每个方格细分为十等份，以得到第三个和第六个数字。
3. Gradient and Vertical Exaggeration | 坡度与垂直夸张
Gradient is the steepness of a slope, calculated as: Gradient = Vertical difference (height) ÷ Horizontal distance. It is often expressed as a ratio, such as 1:10. Vertical exaggeration in cross sections shows how much the vertical scale has been stretched compared to the horizontal: VE = Vertical scale ÷ Horizontal scale.
坡度 是指斜坡的陡峭程度，计算公式为：坡度 = 垂直高差（高度）÷ 水平距离。通常以比值表示，如 1:10。垂直夸张 在剖面图中表示垂直比例尺相对于水平比例尺被放大的程度：垂直夸张 = 垂直比例尺 ÷ 水平比例尺。
Ensure both scales are in the same format (e.g. 1 cm represents 100 m) before dividing.
在相除之前，确保两个比例尺格式相同（例如 1 厘米代表 100 米）。
4. Population Density | 人口密度
Population density measures how crowded an area is: Population density = Total population ÷ Land area (km²). This tells you the average number of people per square kilometre. A high density may suggest urbanisation, while low density often indicates rural or inhospitable areas.
人口密度衡量一个地区的拥挤程度：人口密度 = 总人口 ÷ 土地面积（平方公里）。它告诉你每平方公里平均的人口数量。高密度可能暗示城市化，而低密度通常表明农村或不适宜居住的地区。
Always use the same unit for land area when comparing countries.
在比较国家时，务必使用相同的土地面积单位。
5. Natural Increase and Population Change | 自然增长率与人口变化
Natural increase = Birth rate – Death rate. The rates are usually given per 1 000 people per year. To find the total population change, add net migration: Population change = (Births – Deaths) + (Immigration – Emigration).
自然增长率 = 出生率 – 死亡率。这些比率通常以每年每千人的人数给出。要计算总人口变化，需加上净迁移：人口变化 = (出生人数 – 死亡人数) + (迁入人数 – 迁出人数)。
A negative natural increase means deaths exceed births, common in Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model.
自然增长率为负意味着死亡人数超过出生人数，这在人口转变模型的第五阶段很常见。
6. River Discharge | 河流流量
River discharge is the volume of water flowing past a point in a given time: Discharge (m³/s) = Cross-sectional area (m²) × Velocity (m/s). Cross-sectional area is calculated by measuring width and average depth: Area = Width (m) × Mean depth (m).
河流流量是指单位时间内流过某点的水量：流量（立方米/秒）= 横截面积（平方米）× 流速（米/秒）。横截面积通过测量宽度和平均深度来计算：面积 = 宽度（米）× 平均深度（米）。
Velocity is often measured using a flowmeter or by timing a float over a known distance.
流速通常使用流速仪测量，或通过记录浮标漂过已知距离的时间来计算。
7. Flood Frequency and Recurrence Interval | 洪水频率与重现期
Flood recurrence interval estimates how often a flood of a given magnitude is likely to occur: Recurrence interval = (n + 1) ÷ m, where n is the number of years of record and m is the rank of the flood magnitude (1 is the largest). A 1-in-100-year flood has a recurrence interval of 100 years, meaning a 1% chance of occurring in any year.
洪水重现期用于估算某一规模的洪水可能发生的频率：重现期 = (n + 1) ÷ m，其中 n 为记录年数，m 为洪水规模的排序（1 为最大）。百年一遇洪水的重现期为 100 年，意味着在任何一年发生的概率为 1%。
This is a statistical probability, not a prediction — two '1-in-100-year' floods can occur in consecutive years.
这是一个统计概率，而不是预测——两次“百年一遇”洪水有可能连续两年发生。
8. Climate Averages and Temperature Range | 气候平均值与气温较差
mperature = (Max temp + Min temp) ÷ 2. The annual temperature range = Highest monthly mean – monthly rainfall totals. These statistics help you construct and interpret climate graphs.
日平均气温 =（最高气温 + 最低气温）÷ 2。年气温较差 = 最高月平均气温 – 最低月平均气温。年总降水量是 12 个月降水量之和。这些统计数据有助于你构建和解读气候图表。
Always label axes clearly and use a bar-line combination when plotting a climate graph.
在绘制气候图表时，务必清晰地标注坐标轴，并使用柱状图与折线图的组合。
9. Economic Indicators: GDP and GDP per Capita | 经济指标：GDP 与人均 GDP
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year. GDP per capita = Total GDP ÷ Population. This is a more useful measure for comparing living standards, as it shows average wealth per person. HDI combines income, education and life expectancy.
GDP（国内生产总值） 是一国在一年内生产的商品和服务的总价值。人均 GDP = GDP 总量 ÷ 人口。这是一个更有用的比较生活水平的指标，因为它显示了人均平均财富。人类发展指数（HDI）综合了收入、教育和预期寿命。
Be careful: GDP per capita is an average and hides income inequality within a country.
注意：人均 GDP 是一个平均值，掩盖了国家内部的收入不平等。
10. Rate of Urbanisation and Urban Growth | 城市化率与城市增长
rowth rate = (Urban population increase ÷ Total urban population at start of period) × 100. The level of urbanisation is the percentage of a country's population living in urban areas. A rapidly urbanising country may show a high annual growth rate in its urban population.
城市人口增长率 =（城市人口增长量 ÷ 期初城市总人口）× 100。城市化水平是指一国人口居住在城市地区的百分比。一个快速城市化的国家，其城市人口的年增长率可能很高。
Natural increase and rural-to-urban migration both contribute to urban growth.
自然增长和农村向城市的人口迁移都会导致城市人口增长。
11. Agricultural Yield and Efficiency | 农业产量与效率
Crop yield = Total output (tonnes) ÷ Area planted (hectares). This measures the productivity of land. Food miles refer to the distance food travels from farm to consumer — not a formula, but a concept often assessed in the context of sustainability.
作物产量 = 总产出（吨）÷ 种植面积（公顷）。这衡量的是土地的生产效率。食物里程 指食品从农场到消费者手中所经过的距离——这不是一个公式，但在可持续性发展议题中常被考查。
High yields can be achieved through irrigation, fertilisers and GM crops, but may have environmental costs.
通过灌溉、化肥和转基因作物可以实现高产量，但可能带来环境代价。
12. Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint | 能源效率与碳足迹
Energy efficiency (%) = (Useful energy output ÷ Total energy input) × 100. A higher percentage means less wasted energy. Carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, event or product, often expressed in tonnes of CO₂ equivalent per year.
能源效率（%）=（有用的能量输出 ÷ 总能量输入）× 100。百分比越高，意味着浪费的能量越少。碳足迹是指个人、事件或产品导致的温室气体排放总量，通常以每年吨二氧化碳当量表示。
Reducing energy consumption and switching to renewables are key strategies for lowering a carbon footprint.
减少能源消耗并转向可再生能源是降低碳足迹的关键策略。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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