📚 Year 10 AQA Psychology: Key Term Mnemonics Guide | Year 10 AQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide provides Year 10 AQA Psychology students with a powerful toolkit of mnemonics, acronyms, and vivid mental images designed to make essential vocabulary stick. Instead of rote memorisation, each term is linked to a memorable story, sound-alike word, or visual scene that will help you retrieve it effortlessly under exam pressure.
这份指南为Year 10 AQA心理学学生提供了一套强大的记忆工具箱，包括速记术、首字母缩写和生动的心理图像，旨在让核心词汇牢牢扎根。我们不再死记硬背，而是将每个术语与一个难忘的故事、谐音或视觉场景联系起来，帮助你在考试压力下轻松提取信息。
1. Memory: The Multi-Store Model Terms | 记忆：多存储模型术语
Encoding is the first step in creating a memory, where sensory signals are converted into codes the brain can store. Imagine encoding as 'in-coding' information — picture a barcode scanner beeping as it reads a packet of biscuits, transforming physical products into digital data.
编码是创建记忆的第一步，感觉信息在此被转化为大脑可储存的代码。想象编码就是将信息“编入条码”——想象一台扫码枪发出“哔”声读取饼干包，把实物转化为数字数据。
Storage refers to holding onto encoded material over time. To memorise this, picture a vast warehouse where memories are kept in labelled boxes, just as a storage facility keeps furniture safe until you need it.
存储是指长时间保持已编码的信息。为记住这个概念，想象一个巨大的仓库，记忆被放进贴好标签的箱子里，就像家具仓库替你保管物品直到你需要时取出。
Retrieval is the process of accessing stored memories. See a librarian climbing a ladder and pulling a specific memory-book from the shelf — retrieval fetches exactly what you request.
提取是访问已存储记忆的过程。想象图书管理员爬上梯子从架上抽出特指的那本记忆之书——提取动作为你精准抓取所需内容。
The sensory register holds an enormous flood of sensory data for less than half a second. Use 'Brief Sensation Station' — a fleeting snapshot that captures every sound, sight, and smell before almost all of it vanishes.
感觉寄存器在不足半秒内承载着大量涌入的感觉数据。使用“短暂感觉中转站”这个助记——它像一闪而过的快照，抓住每一声、每一眼、每种气味，然后几乎全部消失。
Short-term memory (STM) has a capacity of 7±2 items and a duration of around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal. Remember Miller's magic number 7, like a standard phone digit count. Think 'Keep it Short, Seven or so'.
短时记忆容量为7±2个组块，无复述时约保持18–30秒。记住米勒的魔力数字7，就像标准电话号码位数。联想“保持短小，大约七条”即可。
Long-term memory (LTM) is theoretically unlimited in capacity and duration. Picture it as the 'Library of Your Life' — a cavernous hall where every book represents a permanent record of your experiences and knowledge.
长时记忆在容量和时长上理论上是无限的。想象它为“人生图书馆”——一间巨大的厅堂，每一本书都代表着你经历和知识的永久记录。
Maintenance rehearsal is repeating information silently or aloud to keep it in STM. Adopt the 'parrot method': a parrot endlessly repeats a phrase, maintaining it in temporary memory just as you repeat a phone number until you dial it.
维持性复述是默念或出声重复信息以将其保留在短时记忆。采用“鹦鹉法”：一只鹦鹉不停地重复一句话，把信息维持在工作记忆中，就像你重复拨号号码直到拨出。
2. Types of Long-Term Memory | 长时记忆的分类
Episodic memory stores personal events, like episodes of your life. Think 'Episodic = Episodes' — your internal Netflix series timestamped with emotions, places, and people.
情节记忆存储个人事件，如同你人生剧集。联想“情节=剧集”——你内心的Netflix系列，带有情感、地点和人物的时间戳。
Semantic memory holds facts, meanings, and concepts. Picture a mental Wikipedia or encyclopedia filled with entries like 'Paris is the capital of France'. Semantic relates to 'semantics' — the study of meaning.
语义记忆保存事实、意义和概念。想象一部心理维基百科或百科全书，条目如“巴黎是法国首都”。语义与“语意学”有关——即研究意义的学问。
Procedural memory remembers how to perform skills, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces. The word 'procedure' is your clue — a step-by-step operations manual stored in the brain.
程序记忆记住如何执行技能，比如骑车或系鞋带。“程序”这个词是线索——储存在大脑里的分步骤操作手册。
Combine them with the acronym 'E.S.P.' — Episodic, Semantic, Procedural. To recall the order, think 'E.S.P. senses events, facts, and actions'. This extra-sensory mnemonic will lock the trio in your memory.
用首字母缩写“E.S.P.”将它们组合——情节、语义、程序。为记顺序，想“E.S.P. 感知事件、事实和行动”。这个“超感官”助记符将牢牢锁住三者。
3. Forgetting: Interference and Decay | 遗忘：干扰与衰退
ve interference occurs when old memories disrupt recall of new information. Use the prefix 'PRO-' to remember 'PRO-active = previously stored (old) pushes forward and blocks new'. In your mind, see old memories as bullies shoving new arrivals out of the way.
前摄干扰指旧记忆干扰了新信息的提取。借助前缀“PRO-”记住“前摄=之前储存的旧记忆向前推进，阻断新记忆”。在心中，把旧记忆想象成粗鲁的推搡者，把新来的挤到一边。
roactive interference happens when new learning damages retrieval of older memories. Think 'RETRO-active = recently learned (new) pushes backward and blocks old' e a crowd of new students pushing past older ones in a corridor, making them hard to find.
倒摄干扰指新学习损害了旧记忆的提取。联想“RETRO=向后”：“最近学习的新记忆向后推，阻碍旧的”。想象一群新生在走廊里挤开老生，让旧面孔难以寻找。
Trace decay theory suggests that memories fade over time if they are not rehearsed. The phrase 'use it or lose it' captures the idea perfectly. Picture a path in a forest that gradually grows over with grass when no one walks on it; the memory trace disappears without rehearsal.
痕迹消退理论认为不进行复述的记忆会随时间消退。俗语“用进废退”恰好传递这个思路。想象一条林中小径久无人走，便逐渐被杂草覆盖；没有复述，记忆痕迹便消失了。
4. Perception: Visual Cues and Illusions | 感知：视觉线索与错觉
Linear perspective makes parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. To remember, picture train tracks vanishing at a single point on the horizon — a powerful depth cue your brain interprets as 'far away'.
线条透视使平行线看起来在远方汇聚。要记住，想象铁轨在地平线一点消失——这是一种强大的深度线索，大脑解读为“很远”。
way. Look at a landscape painting: distant mountains sit higher than the lake below. Think 'High = Horizon = Far'.
平面高度意味着视野中位置更高的物体看起来更远。看一幅风景画：远山比下方的湖泊位置更高。记住“高=地平线=远”就行。
Relative size: when two objects are believed to be similar in size, the one casting a smaller retinal image appears more distant. Imagine two same-sized cars — the one that looks tiny is perceived as far off; this is the brain's 'size-distance' rule.
相对大小：若两个物体大小相近，视网膜上成像较小的那个看起来更远。想象两辆大小相同的汽车——看起来微小的那辆被看作在远处；这是大脑的“大小—距离”规则。
The Mü the line with outward fins appears longer than the one with inward fins. A quick mnemonic: 'Müller-Lyer = My lines look unequal because arrowheads manipulate depth guesses.'
穆勒-莱尔错觉利用箭头欺骗深度知觉：带向外箭头的线段看上去比带向内箭头的更长。一个快速记忆：“穆勒-莱尔 = 我的线段看起来不等长，因为箭头操纵了深度猜测”。
Rubin's vase presents an ambiguous figure–ground illusion. You can see either a vase or two faces in profile. Use the phrase 'vase or face race' to recall the perceptual alternation; your brain cannot hold both at once.
鲁宾的花瓶展现了含混的图形-背景错觉。你能看到花瓶或两个侧面人像。用“花瓶还是人脸的赛跑”来记知觉切换——你的大脑无法同时把握两个图形。
5. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity is yielding to group pressure, even when you privately disagree. In Asch's line study, participants often gave wrong answers to match the majority. Mnemonic: 'Asch — when you Act like the crowd, you're Asch-ed into conformity.'
从众是屈服于群体压力，即使私下并不同意。在阿希线段实验中，被试经常给出错误答案以迎合多数。助记：“阿希——当你表现得像众人，你便被‘阿希’成了从众者”。
Normative social influence means conforming to be liked and accepted by a group. Think 'Norm = wanting to be normal and fit in'. It's the desire to avoid rejection, like wearing the same style of clothes as friends.
规范性社会影响指为获取群体喜爱和接纳而从众。想“规范=希望正常并融入”。这是避免被排斥的愿望，就像穿和朋友同款的衣服。
Informational social influence occurs when you conform because you believe the group knows better, especially in ambiguous situations. Mnemonic: 'Info-influence — you check with others for correct information.'
信息性社会影响指因为相信群体更懂，尤其在模糊情况下而从众。助记：“信息影响——你向他人核实正确信息。”
Obedience involves following direct orders from an authority figure. In Milgram's shock experiment, 65% administered the maximum 450V. Associate 'MILGRAM' with 'MILitary-like obedience to authority, a gram of conscience lost.'
服从涉及听从权威人物的直接命令。在米尔格拉姆的电击实验中，65%被试施加了最高450伏。将“米尔格拉姆”与“军国式的对权威服从，连一克良知也丢失”联想。
The agentic state occurs when a person sees themselves as an agent carrying out another's orders, thus feeling less personal responsibility. Use 'Agentic = Acting as an Agent for someone else, like a secret agent executing orders.'
代理人状态指一个人视自己为执行他人命令的代理人，因而感到较少的个人责任。用“代理人=像特工一样为别人行事”来记忆。
6. Research Methods: Variables and Hypotheses | 研究方法：变量与假设
variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher manipulates or changes. A simple mnemonic: 'IV = I vary it'. You are the one deliberately altering the IV to see its effect.
自变量是研究者操纵或改变的因素。一个简单助记：“IV = 我改变它”。你是那个特意改变自变量以观察效应的人。
The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured; it depends on the IV. Remember 'DV = Data value you record'. Your measurement relies on what happens to the IV.
因变量是被测量的量，它依赖于自变量。记住“DV = 你记录的数据值”。你的测量取决于自变量的变化。
Extraneous variables are unwanted extra factors that might affect the DV, and researchers try to control
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