📚 Year 10 AQA Economics: Key Terms & Definitions Quick Guide | AQA 十年级经济学术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in Economics starts with mastering key terms. This bilingual quick guide covers the essential vocabulary you need for Year 10 AQA Economics, from the basic economic problem to market failure and government intervention. Each term is explained in clear English and Chinese to help you learn, revise, and retain definitions effectively.
学好经济学，首先要掌握关键术语。这份中英双语速记指南涵盖了 AQA 十年级经济学的核心词汇，从基本经济问题到市场失灵与政府干预。每个术语都配有清晰的英文和中文解释，帮助你高效学习、复习并牢固记忆。
1. The Basic Economic Problem | 基本经济问题
Every economy faces the fundamental challenge of scarcity. The following terms explain why choices must be made and how we distinguish between different types of goods and desires.
每个经济体都面临稀缺性这一根本挑战。以下术语解释了为什么必须做出选择，以及我们如何区分不同类型的商品与欲望。
Scarcity: The situation where unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfil those wants. It is the basic economic problem.
稀缺性：无限的需求超过可用于满足这些需求的有限资源的情况。这是基本的经济问题。
Choice: The decision made by individuals, firms or governments about which wants to satisfy, given the problem of scarcity.
选择：在稀缺性存在的情况下，个人、企业或政府就满足哪些需求所做的决定。
Need: Something essential for survival, such as food, water and shelter.
需要：生存所必需的东西，如食物、水和住所。
Want: Something that is desirable but not essential for survival, such as a smartphone or a holiday.
欲望：令人想要但并非生存所必需的东西，如智能手机或假期。
Economic good: A good that is scarce and requires resources to produce, so it commands a price. Most goods are economic goods.
经济物品：具有稀缺性、需要耗费资源生产，因而有价格的物品。大多数物品都是经济物品。
Free good: A good that is abundant and does not require resources to obtain, such as air or sunlight. Free goods have no opportunity cost.
免费物品：丰富且无需耗费资源获取的物品，如空气或阳光。免费物品没有机会成本。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Resources used to produce goods and services are categorised into four factors of production. Each factor earns a corresponding reward.
用于生产商品和服务的资源被分为四种生产要素。每种要素都有对应的回报。
Land: All natural resources used in production, including minerals, forests, water and land itself. The reward for land is rent.
土地：生产中使用的一切自然资源，包括矿产、森林、水和土地本身。土地的回报是租金。
Labour: The human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. The reward for labour is wages.
劳动：生产中使用的体力和脑力人力投入。劳动的回报是工资。
Capital: Man-made goods used to produce other goods and services, such as machinery, factories and tools. The reward for capital is interest.
资本：用于生产其他商品和服务的人造物品，如机器、工厂和工具。资本的回报是利息。
Enterprise: The ability to bring together the other factors of production and take risks in pursuit of profit. The reward for enterprise is profit.
企业家精神：将其他生产要素组合起来并承担风险以追求利润的能力。企业家精神的回报是利润。
3. Opportunity Cost & Production Possibility Curves | 机会成本与生产可能性曲线
Because resources are scarce, every choice involves a trade-off. These concepts help economists analyse those choices.
由于资源稀缺，每个选择都涉及权衡。这些概念帮助经济学家分析这些选择。
Opportunity cost: The value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made. It is the benefit lost from the option not chosen.
机会成本：做出选择时所放弃的次优方案的价值。它是未选择方案所损失的利益。
Production possibility curve (PPC): A diagram showing the maximum possible output combinations of two goods or services an economy can produce with all available resources fully and efficiently employed.
生产可能性曲线 (PPC)：一幅图，显示一个经济体在充分利用并有效率地使用所有可用资源时，所能生产的两种商品或服务的最大产出组合。
Efficiency on the PPC: Any point on the curve represents productive efficiency, where all resources are fully used.
PPC 上的效率：曲线上的任何点都代表着生产有效率，所有资源都被充分利用。
Underutilisation: A point inside the PPC indicates that resources are not being fully used, for example due to unemployment.
利用不足：PPC 内部的点表明资源未被充分利用，例如由于失业。
Economic growth: An outward shift of the PPC, caused by an increase in the quantity or quality of resources or technological progress.
经济增长：PPC 的外移，由资源数量或质量的提高或技术进步引起。
4. Demand | 需求
Demand reflects the buying behaviour of consumers. It is essential to distinguish between movements along the demand curve and shifts of the curve.
需求反映了消费者的购买行为。区分沿需求曲线的移动和需求曲线的移动至关重要。
Demand: The quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices over a given period.
需求：在一定时期内，消费者在各种价格下愿意并能够购买的商品或服务的数量。
Law of demand: There is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded; as price rises, quantity demanded falls, and vice versa, ceteris paribus.
需求定律：价格与需求量之间存在反向关系；价格上升，需求量下降，反之亦然，其他条件不变。
Movement along the demand curve: A change in the quantity demanded caused solely by a change in the good's own price.
沿需求曲线的移动：仅由商品自身价格的变化引起的需求量的变化。
Shift in demand: A change in demand at every price, caused by factors other than the good's own price, such as income, tastes or the prices of related goods. The whole curve shifts left or right.
需求曲线的移动：在每一价格水平上需求的变化，由商品自身价格以外的因素引起，如收入、偏好或相关商品价格。整条曲线向左或右移动。
Normal good: A good for which demand increases as consumer incomes rise. Examples include branded clothing and smartphones.
正常商品：随着消费者收入上升，需求增加的商品。例如品牌服装和智能手机。
Inferior good: A good for which demand decreases as consumer incomes rise, as consumers switch to better alternatives. An example is supermarket own-brand basic products.
低档商品：随着消费者收入上升，需求减少的商品，因为消费者转向更好的替代品。例如超市自有品牌的基础产品。
Substitutes: Two goods are substitutes if an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other, e.g. tea and coffee.
替代品：如果一种商品的价格上升导致另一种商品的需求增加，则这两种商品互为替代品，例如茶和咖啡。
Complements: Two goods are complements if an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other, e.g. printers and ink cartridges.
互补品：如果一种商品的价格上升导致另一种商品的需求减少，则这两种商品互为互补品，例如打印机和墨盒。
5. Supply | 供给
Supply represents the behaviour of producers. Understanding why firms supply more at higher prices and what causes supply to shift is fundamental.
供给代表生产者的行为。理解企业为何在价格较高时供给更多，以及什么因素导致供给曲线移动，是基础内容。
Supply: The quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices over a given period.
供给：在一定时期内，生产者愿意并能够以各种价格出售的商品或服务的数量。
Law of supply: There is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied; as price rises, quantity supplied rises, and vice versa, ceteris paribus.
供给定律：价格与供给量之间存在正相关关系；价格上升，供给量增加，反之亦然，其他条件不变。
Shift in supply: A change in supply at every price, caused by factors such as changes in production costs, technology, taxes, subsidies or the number of sellers. The entire supply curve moves to the right (increase) or left (decrease).
供给曲线的移动：在每一价格水平上供给的变化，由生产成本、技术、税收、补贴或卖家数量变化等因素引起。整条供给曲线向右（增加）或向左（减少）移动。
6. Market Equilibrium | 市场均衡
The interaction of demand and supply determines the price and quantity traded in a market. Disequilibrium leads to pressure for price changes.
需求与供给的相互作用决定了市场中交易的价格和数量。非均衡状态会导致价格变动的压力。
Equilibrium price: The price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. There is no tendency for change; the market clears.
均衡价格：需求量等于供给量时的价格。没有变化的趋势；市场出清。
Excess demand (shortage): A situation where at the current price, quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied. This pushes the price upward toward equilibrium.
超额需求（短缺）：在现行价格下，需求量大于供给量的情况。这会推动价格向均衡水平上升。
Excess supply (surplus): A situation where at the current price, quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. This pushes the price downward toward equilibrium.
超额供给（过剩）：在现行价格下，供给量大于需求量的情况。这会推动价格向均衡水平下降。
7. Price Elasticity of Demand | 需求价格弹性
Price elasticity of demand measures how responsive quantity demanded is to a change in price. It has powerful implications for total revenue.
需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度。它对总收入有重要影响。
Price elasticity of demand (PED): A measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price, calculated as:
PED = (% Change in Quantity Demanded) / (% Change in Price)
需求价格弹性 (PED)：衡量需求量对价格变化反应程度的指标，计算公式为：
PED =（需求量变化的百分比）/（价格变化的百分比）
Elastic demand: When PED > 1, meaning quantity demanded is relatively responsive to price changes. A price cut raises total revenue.
富有弹性：当 PED > 1 时，需求量对价格变化相对敏感。降价会增加总收入。
Inelastic demand: When PED < 1, meaning quantity demanded is relatively unresponsive to price changes. A price rise raises total revenue.
缺乏弹性：当 PED < 1 时，需求量对价格变化相对不敏感。涨价会增加总收入。
Unitary elastic demand rice leads to a proportional change in quantity demanded, leaving total revenue unchanged.
单位弹性：当 PED = 1 时，价格变化引起需求量同比例变化，总收入不变。
Factors affecting PED ), whether the good is a necessity or luxury, proportion of income spent, and time period.
影响需求价格弹性的因素：替代品的可得性（替代品越多越富有弹性）、商品是必需品还是奢侈品、支出占收入的比例以及时间长短。
8. Price Elasticity of Supply | 供给价格弹性
Price elasticity of supply captures how easily producers can change output in response to price changes. Time is a key determinant.
供给价格弹性反映了生产者根据价格变化调整产出的难易程度。时间是一个关键决定因素。
Price elasticity of supply (PES): A measure of the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price, calculated as:
PES = (% Change in Quantity Supplied) / (% Change in Price)
供给价格弹性 (PES)：衡量供给量对价格变化反应程度的指标，计算公式为：
PES =（供给量变化的百分比）/（价格变化的百分比）
Elastic supply: PES > 1; producers can increase supply relatively easily when price rises.
富有弹性：PES > 1；价格上升时生产者能相对容易地增加供给。
Inelastic supply: PES < 1; producers find it difficult to change supply quickly, often because of limited spare capacity or short time frames.
缺乏弹性：PES < 1；生产者难以迅速改变供给，通常由于闲置产能有限或时间短。
Factors affecting PES: Length of production period, availability of spare capacity, ease of storing stocks, and the mobility of factors of production.
影响供给价格弹性的因素：生产周期长短、闲置产能是否可用、储存库存的难易程度以及生产要素的流动性。
9. Production, Costs and Revenue | 生产、成本与收入
Businesses combine inputs to produce output and aim to maximise profit. Understanding the behaviour of costs and the impact of scale is vital.
企业组合投入以生产产出，并以利润最大化为目标。理解成本行为及规模的影响至关重要。
Fixed costs: Costs that do not vary with output in the short run, such as rent and insurance. They must be paid even if production is zero.
固定成本：短期内不随产出变动的成本，如租金和保险费。即使产量为零也必须支付。
Variable costs: Costs that change directly with the level of output, such as raw materials and piece-rate wages.
可变成本：随产出水平直接变化的成本，如原材料和计件工资。
Total cost: The sum of fixed costs and variable costs at any given level of output. TC = FC + VC.
总成本：在任一给定产出水平下，固定成本与可变成本之和。TC = FC + VC。
Average cost (unit cost): Total cost divided by the number of units produced. It typically falls then rises due to economies and diseconomies of scale.
平均成本（单位成本）：总成本除以生产的单位数。通常先下降后上升，因为存在规模经济和规模不经济。
Total revenue ncome received by a firm from selling its products. Total revenue = Price x Quantity sold.
总收入：企业从销售产品中获得的收入。总收入 = 价格 × 销售数量。
Profit The difference between total revenue and total cost. Profit = Total revenue - Total cost.
利润：总收入与总成本之间的差额。利润 = 总收入 - 总成本。
Economies of scale: The cost advantages a firm gains as it increases its scale of production, leading to a fall in average costs. Examples include bulk-buying discounts and specialisation.
规模经济：企业扩大生产规模时获得的成本优势，导致平均成本下降。例子包括大宗采购折扣和分工专业化。
Diseconomies of scale: The disadvantages that arise when a firm grows too large, causing average costs to rise. Examples include communication problems and low worker morale.
规模不经济：企业规模过大时出现的劣势，导致平均成本上升。例子包括沟通问题和员工士气低落。
10. Market Failure | 市场失灵
Markets do not always allocate resources efficiently. Market failure occurs when the free market outcome leads to a net social loss.
市场并不总能有效配置资源。当自由市场结果导致净社会福利损失时，就发生市场失灵。
Market failure: A situation where the free market mechanism fails to allocate resources in the best interests of society, resulting in a misallocation of resources.
市场失灵：自由市场机制未能以社会最佳利益配置资源，导致资源错配的情况。
Private cost: The cost incurred by an individual or firm directly involved in an economic activity, such as production costs or the price paid by a consumer.
私人成本：直接参与经济活动的个人或企业承担的成本，如生产成本或消费者支付的价格。
External cost (negative externality): A cost imposed on a third party who is not involved in the economic activity, e.g. pollution from a factory affecting nearby residents.
外部成本（负外部性）：强加给未参与经济活动的第三方的成本，例如工厂污染影响附近居民。
Private benefit: The benefit received by an individual or firm directly involved in an economic activity, such as the satisfaction from consuming a product.
私人收益：直接参与经济活动的个人或企业获得的收益，如消费产品带来的满足感。
External benefit (positive externality): A benefit gained by a third party not directly involved in the economic activity, e.g. the wider community benefiting from a well-educated workforce.
外部收益（正外部性）：未直接参与经济活动的第三方获得的收益，例如更广泛的社区从受教育程度高的劳动力中受益。
Social cost: The total cost to society: Social cost = Private cost + External cost.
社会成本：社会承担的总成本：社会成本 = 私人成本 + 外部成本。
Social benefit: The total benefit to society: Social benefit = Private benefit + External benefit.
社会收益：社会获得的总收益：社会收益 = 私人收益 + 外部收益。
Merit good: A good that is under-consumed when left to the free market because consumers do not fully appreciate its benefits, e.g. education and healthcare.
优效品：在自由市场中被消费不足的商品，因为消费者未能完全认识到它的好处，例如教育和医疗保健。
Demerit good: A good that is over-consumed in the free market because consumers do not fully perceive its harmful effects, e.g. cigarettes and alcohol.
有害品：在自由市场中被过度消费的商品，因为消费者未能充分认识其危害，例如香烟和酒精。
Public good: A good that is non-rival (one person's use does not reduce availability for others) and non-excludable (it is impossible to stop non-payers from using it). Examples include national defence and street lighting. The free market fails to provide public goods.
公共品：具有非竞争性（一人的使用不会减少对他人的可用量）和非排他性（不可能阻止未付费者使用）的商品。例如国防和路灯。自由市场无法提供公共品。
11. Government Intervention | 政府干预
Governments use various tools to correct market failure and achieve a better allocation of resources. Each intervention has its own advantages and limitations.
政府使用各种工具纠正市场失灵，实现更优的资源配置。每种干预措施都有其优点和局限性。
Indirect tax: A tax on spending, often imposed on goods with negative externalities (e.g. sugar tax, tobacco duty). It raises the price and reduces consumption, while generating government revenue.
间接税：对支出征收的税，通常针对具有负外部性的商品（如糖税、烟草税）。它提高价格并减少消费，同时产生政府收入。
Subsidy: A payment from the government to producers that lowers their costs of production. Subsidies can encourage the consumption and production of merit goods, e.g. grants for renewable energy.
补贴：政府向生产者提供的款项，可降低他们的生产成本。补贴可以鼓励优效品的消费和生产，例如对可再生能源的补助。
Maximum price (price ceiling): A legally established highest price that can be charged for a good or service, set below the equilibrium to make it affordable. An example is rent control.
最高限价：法律规定的商品或服务最高可收取的价格，设定在均衡价格之下以使其可负担。例如租金管制。
Minimum price (price floor): A legally established lowest price that can be charged, set above the equilibrium to protect producers or discourage consumption. An example is a minimum wage or a minimum price for alcohol.
最低限价：法律规定的最低可收取价格，设定在均衡价格之上以保护生产者或抑制消费。例如最低工资或酒精最低价格。
Regulation: Rules and laws imposed by the government to control behaviour and reduce market failure, such as banning smoking in public places or setting emission standards for cars.
监管：政府为控制行为、减少市场失灵而强制执行的规则和法律，例如禁止在公共场所吸烟或制定汽车排放标准。
Information provision: Government campaigns or labelling requirements designed to help consumers make better-informed decisions, addressing the information gaps that lead to merit or demerit good problems.
信息提供：政府开展的活动或标签要求，旨在帮助消费者做出更明智的决定，弥补导致优效品或有害品问题的信息缺口。
12. Introduction to Macroeconomics | 宏观经济学导论
While Year 10 AQA Economics focuses largely on microeconomics, an introduction to macroeconomics provides the big picture. These key terms describe the performance of the whole economy.
虽然 AQA 十年级经济学主要侧重于微观经济学，但宏观经济学的入门内容提供了全局视角。以下关键术语用来描述整个经济的表现。
Macroeconomics: The branch of economics that studies the economy as a whole, looking at total output, unemployment, inflation and economic growth.
宏观经济学：将经济视为一个整体进行研究的经济学分支，关注总产出、失业、通货膨胀和经济增长。
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period, most often a year. It is the primary measure of economic growth.
国内生产总值 (GDP)：在特定时期（通常是一年）内，一国境内生产的全部最终商品和服务的总价值。它是衡量经济增长的主要指标。
Economic growth: An increase in the productive capacity of the economy, typically measured by a sustained rise in real GDP. It is a key government objective.
经济增长：经济生产能力的提高，通常用实际 GDP 的持续增长来衡量。这是政府的关键目标之一。
Inflation: A sustained general increase in the average price level of goods and services in an economy over time. It reduces the purchasing power of money. In the UK it is commonly measured by the Consumer Prices Index (CPI).
通货膨胀
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图