📚 Year 10 Eduqas Chinese: Formula & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 Eduqas 中文：公式定理速查手册
Mastering Chinese grammar is like learning a set of formulas—once you internalise the patterns, you can generate countless correct sentences. This handbook presents the most important sentence patterns and grammatical rules for the Year 10 Eduqas Chinese course as clear, memorable formulas. Each section gives you the core structure, key rules, and bilingual examples so you can quickly refer to and apply them in your writing and speaking.
掌握中文语法就像学习一套公式——一旦内化了这些模式，你就能生成无数正确的句子。这本手册将 Year 10 Eduqas 中文课程中最重要的句型与语法规则，以清晰、易记的公式形式呈现。每个部分都提供核心结构、关键规则以及双语示例，方便你快速查阅，并灵活运用于写作与口语表达。
1. Basic Sentence Order (SVO) | 基本语序公式
The fundamental word order in Chinese is Subject – Verb – Object, just like English. Unlike English, time and place expressions usually come before the verb, not at the end. Keeping this skeleton in mind prevents the most common beginner errors.
中文最基本的语序是主语 – 动词 – 宾语，与英语一致。但与英语不同的是，时间词和地点词通常放在动词之前，而不是句尾。牢记这个骨架，可以有效避免初学者最常见的错误。
S + Time + Place + V + O
- English: I eat lunch at school every day. → I everyday at school eat lunch.
- Chinese: 我每天在学校吃午饭。(Wǒ měitiān zài xuéxiào chī wǔfàn.)
Note that the time word 'every day' (每天) and the place phrase 'at school' (在学校) are placed before the verb 'eat' (吃). This will feel unnatural at first but must be drilled until it becomes automatic.
请注意，时间词“每天”和地点短语“在学校”都放在了动词“吃”之前。这一点起初可能不太习惯，但一定要不断练习，直到它变成自然而然的语序。
2. Adjective Predicate without 是 | 形容词谓语句公式
In Chinese, adjectives can act as predicates directly, without the verb 'to be' (是). You must insert an adverb such as 很 (very) before the adjective, even when you do not mean 'very'. Otherwise the sentence sounds incomplete or implies comparison.
汉语中，形容词可以直接做谓语，不需要动词“是”。必须在形容词前加一个副词，如“很”（即使并不强调“非常”），否则句子听起来不完整，或含有比较的意味。
S + 很 + Adj
- English: This apple is sweet.
- Chinese: 这个苹果很甜。(Zhège píngguǒ hěn tián.)
If you omit 很, saying 这个苹果甜, it would sound like a contrast: 'This apple is sweet (but that one isn't).' Using 很 in neutral descriptions is a core rule.
如果省略“很”，说成“这个苹果甜”，会带有对比的意味：“这个苹果甜（而那个不甜）”。在中性描述中必须使用“很”，这是一条核心规则。
3. 是 (shì) Sentence Formula | 是字句公式
是 is used to link two nouns or noun phrases that refer to the same person or thing. It is never used with adjectives. Remember that 是 can be negated with 不 and can be used in questions without changing word order.
“是”用来连接两个指代同一人或事物的名词或名词短语，绝不与形容词连用。切记，“是”可以用“不”来否定，疑问句中只需在句末加“吗”即可，无需改变语序。
S + 是 + Noun / Noun Phrase
- Affirmative: 他是我的老师。(Tā shì wǒ de lǎoshī.) - He is my teacher.
- Negative: 她不是学生。(Tā bú shì xuésheng.) - She is not a student.
- Question: 你是中国人吗？(Nǐ shì Zhōngguórén ma?) - Are you Chinese?
This formula is deceptively simple. The key is to never insert 是 before an adjective like 'tall' or 'happy'.
这个公式看上去很简单，关键在于绝不要在“高”“开心”等形容词前插入“是”。
4. 有 (yǒu) Sentence Formula | 有字句公式
有 expresses possession or existence. Its negation is always 没有, never 不有. For existence sentences, the sentence often starts with a location, using 有 to mean 'there is/are'.
“有”表示拥有或存在。其否定形式永远是“没有”，不能是“不有”。存在句中，句子通常以地点开头，用“有”表示“某处有某物”。
Possession: S + 有 + O
Existence: Place + 有 + O
- Possession: 我有一本书。(Wǒ yǒu yì běn shū.) - I have a book.
- Negative: 他没有时间。(Tā méiyǒu shíjiān.) - He doesn't have time.
- Existence: 桌子上有一个手机。(Zhuōzi shang yǒu yí ge shǒujī.) - There is a mobile phone on the table.
Notice the measure word (本, 个) is always required between the number and the noun. Do not say 一书 or 一手機.
注意，数词和名词之间必须使用量词（如“本”“个”），不可说“一书”或“一手机”。
5. 把 (bǎ) Construction | 把字句公式
The 把 construction is used to emphasise how an action affects a definite object, typically bringing about a change in its state or location. The object is placed before the verb, and the verb must be followed by some other element—never a bare verb.
“把”字句用于强调某个动作如何影响一个确定的对象，通常使其状态或位置发生改变。宾语置于动词之前，动词后必须接其他成分，不能只是一个光杆动词。
S + 把 + O + V + Result/Direction/了
- English: Please close the door. (with emphasis on the result)
- Chinese: 请把门关上。(Qǐng bǎ mén guān shang.)
Common mistake: *请把门关. Without 上, the sentence is incomplete. The complement 上 shows the result of closing. Use 把 when the object is specific and the action brings about a change.
常见错误：*请把门关。没有“上”，句子就不完整。补语“上”显示了关门的结束状态。当宾语是特定的，且动作带来了某种变化时，使用“把”字句。
6. 被 (bèi) Passive Formula | 被字句公式
The 被 passive is used when the subject suffers or receives an action. Unlike English, passive forms are less frequent in Chinese and often carry a negative or unpleasant connotation. The agent (doer) after 被 can be omitted if it is unknown or unimportant.
“被”字句用于主语遭受或接受某个动作。与英语不同，汉语中被动式使用频率较低，且常带有消极或不愉快的意味。“被”后面的施动者若是不明确或不重要，可以省略。
S + 被 (+ Agent) + V + 了/Complement
- English: My wallet was stolen.
- Chinese: 我的钱包被偷了。(Wǒ de qiánbāo bèi tōu le.)
In neutral or positive situations, Chinese usually uses the active voice or a topic-comment structure. For instance, 'The house was cleaned' is more naturally 房子打扫干净了 than using 被.
在中性或积极的情况下，汉语通常使用主动句或主题-评论结构。例如，“房子打扫干净了”比用“被”字句更自然。
7. Comparative Patterns: 比, 没有, 一样 | 比较句公式
Comparisons in Chinese follow fixed patterns. Using 比, the adjective stands alone without any intensifier like 很. To express inequality in the negative, use 没有 or 不比 with caution, as 不比 implies a different nuance.
汉语中的比较句遵循固定模式。使用“比”时，形容词单独出现，不加“很”等程度副词。用“没有”表示否定式的不同等，使用“不比”时要小心，因为它带有反驳的意味。
A + 比 + B + Adj
A + 没有 + B + (这么/那么) + Adj
A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adj
- 比: 我比你高。(Wǒ bǐ nǐ gāo.) - I am taller than you.
- 没有: 他没有我努力。(Tā méiyǒu wǒ nǔlì.) - He is not as hardworking as me.
- 一样: 弟弟跟我一样聪明。(Dìdi gēn wǒ yíyàng cōngming.) - Younger brother is as smart as me.
Do not say *我比你很高. The adverb 很 must be removed in 比 sentences.
不要说“我比你很高”。“比”字句中必须去掉副词“很”。
8. Resultative Complements | 结果补语公式
A resultative complement is a verb or adjective placed after the main verb to indicate the outcome of the action. The combination is treated as a single unit and can take aspect particles or objects.
结果补语是放在主要动词后面、表示动作结果的动词或形容词。这个组合被视为一个整体，可以接动态助词或宾语。
V + Result (V/Adj) (+ O)
- 看懂 (kàn dǒng): read and understand → 我看懂了那篇文章。(Wǒ kàn dǒng le nà piān wénzhāng.) - I read and understood that article.
- 吃完 (chī wán): eat and finish → 他吃完了晚饭。(Tā chī wán le wǎnfàn.) - He finished eating dinner.
These compounds are extremely common. The key is memorising which result verb pairs with which action verb, e.g., 听见 (tīng jiàn, hear), 学会 (xué huì, learn successfully).
这类组合非常普遍。关键在于记住哪个结果动词与哪个动作动词搭配，比如“听见”（hear）、“学会”（learn successfully）。
9. Directional Complements | 趋向补语公式
Directional complements use 来 or 去 after a verb to indicate the direction of the action relative to the speaker. If there is an object that is a place, it must be inserted between the verb and the complement.
趋向补语是在动词后加“来”或“去”，表示动作相对于说话人的方向。如果宾语是处所词，必须放在动词和补语之间。
V + 来/去
V + Place + 来/去
- 进来 (jìnlai): come in (speaker is inside) – 请进来。(Qǐng jìnlai.)
- 出去 (chūqu): go out (speaker is inside) – 我们出去吧。(Wǒmen chūqu ba.)
- 回学校去 (huí xuéxiào qu): go back to school – 他回学校去了。(Tā huí xuéxiào qu le.)
If the object is a place like 学校, it splits the verb and 去. Do not say *回去学校.
如果宾语是“学校”这样的处所词，必须把动词和“去”拆开。不可说“回去学校”。
10. Potential Complements: 得/不 | 可能补语公式
Potential complements express the ability or inability to achieve the result or direction of an action. They are formed by inserting 得 (can) or 不 (cannot) between the verb and the result/direction complement.
可能补语用来表达能否实现动作的结果或方向。在动词和结果补语或趋向补语之间插入“得”或“不”即可构成。
V + 得/不 + Result/Direction
- 看得懂 (kàn de dǒng): can understand (by reading) – 我看得懂中文报纸。(Wǒ kàn de dǒng Zhōngwén bàozhǐ.)
- 听不懂 (tīng bu dǒng): cannot understand (by listening) – 我听不懂上海话。(Wǒ tīng bu dǒng Shànghǎihuà.)
- 拿得动 (ná de dòng): can carry – 你拿得动这个箱子吗？
This structure is often preferred over using 能 (néng) when the focus is on the result of the action, so make sure you practise the split form.
当焦点在于动作的结果时，人们往往更倾向使用这种结构而非“能”。因此，务必多加练习这种离合形式。
11. Degree Complement with 得 | 程度补语公式
The degree complement uses 得 to describe how an action is performed or to what extent a state exists. The adjective after 得 is often preceded by an intensifier like 很 or 不得了.
程度补语用“得”来描述动作进行的方式或状态达到的程度。“得”后面的形容词前常会加上“很”“不得了”等程度副词。
S + V + 得 + (Degree Adv) + Adj
- 跑得很快 (pǎo de hěn kuài): run very fast – 他跑得很快。(Tā pǎo de hěn kuài.)
- 累得不得了 (lèi de bùdéliǎo): extremely tired – 我累得不得了。(Wǒ lèi de bùdéliǎo.)
- 写得很好 (xiě de hěn hǎo): write very well – 她汉字写得很好。(Tā Hànzì xiě de hěn hǎo.)
Note that the object can be moved to the front as in the last example to avoid a repeated verb. The structure *她写汉字写得很好 is also possible but fronting is more elegant.
注意到，宾语可以像最后一例那样提前，以避免动词重复。“她写汉字写得很好”这种结构也是可以的，但宾语提前往往更简洁自然。
12. Aspect Particles: 了, 着, 过 | 动态助词公式
Aspect particles attach to verbs to indicate the status of an action, regardless of tense. 了 marks completed action, 着 marks continuous state, and 过 marks experience. They each have strict placement rules.
动态助词紧跟在动词后面，表示动作的状态，与时态无关。“了”表示动作完成，“着”表示状态的持续，“过”表示经历。它们的放置位置都有严格的规定。
V + 了 (completed)
V + 着 (duration/state)
V + 过 (experience)
- 了: 我买了三本书。(Wǒ mǎi le sān běn shū.) – I bought three books.
- 着: 墙上挂着一幅画。(Qiáng shang guà zhe yì fú huà.) – There is a painting hanging on the wall.
- 过: 我去过中国。(Wǒ qù guo Zhōngguó.) – I have been to China.
Remember that 了 is not simply past tense; it appears only when the action is viewed as completed. In negatives, 了 is dropped and 没 is used: 我没买书.
记住，“了”不仅仅是过去时，只有当动作被视为完成时才出现。在否定句中，“了”必须去掉，并用“没”来否定：我没买书。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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