📚 Year 10 AQA Science: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | 10年级AQA科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering AQA GCSE Science isn't just about knowing facts—it's about speaking the language. The exam will test your understanding through precise terminology, and a single misunderstood word can cost you marks. This guide breaks down the most important Year 10 vocabulary across Biology, Chemistry and Physics, pairing each term with a simple explanation and a memory trick so you can learn faster and retain longer.
掌握AQA GCSE科学不仅仅是记住知识点——更是要学会用科学的语言来表达。考试会通过精确的术语来检验你的理解，一个被误解的词语可能直接丢分。这份指南按照生物、化学和物理三大模块拆解了Year 10最重要的词汇，每个术语都配有简明的解释和记忆窍门，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Cell Biology & Organisation Terms | 细胞生物学与组织学词汇
Eukaryotic cell: A cell with a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane, containing genetic material. Examples: plant and animal cells. Trick: "Eu" sounds like "you"—you have a nucleus!
真核细胞：具有由膜包围的真正细胞核，核内含有遗传物质的细胞。例如植物和动物细胞。记忆法：“真核”有真正的核。
Prokaryotic cell: A cell without a nucleus; the genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Trick: "Pro" means before—before the nucleus evolved.
原核细胞：没有细胞核，遗传物质在细胞质中游离存在的细胞。细菌是原核生物。记忆法：“原”核就是原始的无核结构。
Specialised cell: A cell that has adapted to perform a specific function, such as a sperm cell (tail for swimming) or a root hair cell (large surface area for absorption).
特化细胞：为执行特定功能而发生适应性变化的细胞，例如精子（有尾巴用来游动）或根毛细胞（表面积大以利于吸收）。
Diffusion: The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. No energy required. Think of perfume spreading in a room.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。不需要能量。想象香水在房间里散开。
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
渗透作用：水分子通过半透膜从稀溶液向浓溶液的扩散过程。
Active transport: The movement of substances from a low concentration to a high concentration against the concentration gradient, using energy from respiration. "Active" needs energy.
主动运输：物质逆浓度梯度从低浓度向高浓度的移动，需要呼吸作用提供能量。“主动”意味着耗能。
Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a function, such as muscle tissue.
组织：一组相似的细胞共同协作完成某种功能，如肌肉组织。
Organ: A structure made of different tissues working together, e.g., the heart.
器官：由不同组织构成、共同执行特定功能的结构，如心脏。
2. Infection & Bioenergetics Terms | 感染与生物能量学词汇
Pathogen: A microorganism that causes disease, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus or protist. "Path" sounds like "pathology"—the study of disease.
病原体：引起疾病的微生物，如病毒、细菌、真菌或原生生物。“病原”就是病源。
Phagocytosis: The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and destroys a pathogen. "Phago" means eating—think of a cell eating a germ.
吞噬作用：白细胞吞噬并消灭病原体的过程。“吞噬”就是细胞吃掉病菌。
Antibody: A protein produced by white blood cells that binds to specific antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction. "Anti-body" fights the bad bodies.
抗体：由白细胞产生的蛋白质，能与病原体上的特定抗原结合，标记其以便消灭。“抗体”抵抗外来入侵。
Vaccination: Introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells, giving future protection.
疫苗接种：将无害形式的病原体引入体内，刺激免疫系统产生记忆细胞，从而在将来提供保护。
Photosynthesis: water using light energy, catalysed by chlorophyll. Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
光合作用：植物利用光能，在叶绿素的催化下将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖的过程。方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Limiting factor: An environmental variable (light intensity, temperature, CO₂ concentration) that slows down the rate of photosynthesis when it is in short supply.
限制因素：一种环境变量（光照强度、温度、二氧化碳浓度），当供应不足时会减慢光合作用的速率。
Aerobic respiration: the most efficient way to release energy. Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy)
有氧呼吸：利用氧气将葡萄糖分解，释放能量，产生二氧化碳和水。这是最有效的能量释放方式。方程式：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ 能量)
Anaerobic respiration: The incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid in animals (or ethanol + CO₂ in yeast). Much less energy is released.
无氧呼吸：在没有氧气的情况下葡萄糖的不完全分解，动物体内产生乳酸（酵母中产生乙醇和CO₂）。释放的能量少得多。
3. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table Terms | 原子结构与元素周期表词汇
Atom: The smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as that element. It contains a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
原子：元素中仍可被识别为该元素的最小粒子。它包含由质子和中子组成的原子核，核外有电子环绕。
Element: A substance made of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的物质，不能通过化学方法分解为更简单的物质。
Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
同位素：质子数相同但中子数不同的同一种元素的原子。它们具有相同的原子序数但不同的质量数。
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): The mean mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
相对原子质量（Aᵣ）：某个元素原子的平均质量与一个碳-12原子质量的1/12的比值。
Period: A horizontal row in the periodic table. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
周期：元素周期表中的横排。同一周期的元素具有相同的电子层数。
Group: A vertical column in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell, giving them similar chemical properties.
族：元素周期表中的纵列。同一族的元素最外层电子数相同，因此化学性质相似。
Ion: A charged particle formed when an atom (or group of atoms) loses or gains electrons. Cations are positive ions; anions are negative.
离子：原子（或原子团）失去或得到电子后形成的带电粒子。阳离子带正电；阴离子带负电。
4. Bonding & Quantitative Chemistry Terms | 化学键与定量化学词汇
Ionic bonding: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Occurs between a metal and a non-metal. "Opposites attract."
离子键：带相反电荷离子之间的静电引力。发生在金属和非金属之间。“异性相吸”。
Covalent bonding: A shared pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms. "Co-" means shared.
共价键：两个非金属原子之间共用的一对电子。“共”表示共用。
Metallic bonding: The attraction between positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. This explains why metals conduct electricity and can be bent.
金属键：正金属离子与离域电子海之间的吸引力。这就解释了为什么金属能导电且可被弯曲。
Mole: The unit for the amount of a substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's constant). Think of a mole as a chemist's "dozen" but a much bigger number.
摩尔：物质的量的单位。1摩尔含有6.02 × 10²³个粒子（阿伏加德罗常数）。把摩尔想象成化学家的“打”，但数字要大得多。
Relative formula mass (Mᵣ): The sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula unit, such as for an ionic compound like NaCl.
相对分子式质量（Mᵣ）：一个化学式单元中所有原子的相对原子质量之和，例如离子化合物NaCl。
Concentration: en volume of solvent, often measured in g/dm³ or mol/dm³. More solute = more concentrated.
浓度：一定体积溶剂中溶解的溶质的量，常用单位是g/dm³或mol/dm³。溶质越多，浓度越高。
Titration: A technique used to find the exact volume of acid needed to neutralise an alkali, using an indicator to spot the endpoint.
滴定：一种用来确定中和一定量碱液所需酸液准确体积的技术，用指示剂来观察终点。
5. Chemical Changes & Energy Changes Terms | 化学变化与能量变化词汇
Oxidation: n; now more broadly, the loss of electrons. Example: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide.
氧化：最初指物质与氧结合的反应；现在更广义上是指失去电子。例：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。
Reduction: The gain of electrons by a substance, or the loss of oxygen. In a redox reaction, oxidation and reduction happen together.
还原：物质得到电子或失去氧的过程。在氧化还原反应中，氧化和还原同时发生。
Displacement reaction: A more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive one in a compound. "The bully pushes the weaker one out."
置换反应：较活泼的元素把化合物中较不活泼的元素替换出来。就像“强者欺负弱者”。
Exothermic reaction: A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings, usually causing a temperature rise. "Exo" = exit—energy exits.
放热反应：向周围环境传递能量的反应，通常导致温度升高。“放”就是放出。
Endothermic reaction: A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. "Endo" = enter—energy enters.
吸热反应：从周围环境吸收能量的反应，导致温度下降。“吸”就是吸入。
Activation energy: The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to start. Like the push needed to get a boulder rolling downhill.
活化能：引发反应所需的最低能量，就像推动巨石滚下山坡所需的最初推力。
Bond energy: The energy required to break a bond between atoms in a molecule, or the energy released when a bond forms. Bond breaking is endothermic; bond making is exothermic.
键能：打断分子中原子间化学键需要的能量，或键形成时释放的能量。断键吸热，成键放热。
6. Energy & Electricity Terms | 能量与电学词汇
Kinetic energy: : The energy an object has because of its motion. Equation: KE = ½ × m × v² (mass times speed squared). Faster or heavier objects have more.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。公式：动能 = ½ × 质量 × 速度²。速度越快或质量越大，动能越大。
Gravitational potential energy: on in a gravitational field. GPE = m × g × h (mass, gravitational field strength, height).
重力势能：物体因其在重力场中的位置而存储的能量。公式：重力势能 = 质量 × 重力场强 × 高度。
Efficiency: : The ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, often expressed as a percentage. Efficiency = (useful output ÷ total input) × 100%. No machine is 100% efficient.
效率：有用输出能量与总输入能量的比率，常用百分比表示。效率 = (有用输出 ÷ 总输入) × 100%。没有机器能达到100%的效率。
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a single closed loop, the current is the same everywhere.
电流（I）：电荷流动的速率，单位为安培（A）。在单一闭合回路中，各处的电流相同。
Potential difference (V): The energy transferred per unit charge; it is the "push" that drives the current around a circuit, measured in volts (V).
电势差（V）：每单位电荷传递的能量；是驱动电荷在电路中流动的“推力”，单位为伏特（V）。
Resistance (R): A measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a component. V = I × R (Ohm's law). A longer or thinner wire has higher resistance.
电阻（R）：衡量电流通过元件难易程度的物理量。V = I × R（欧姆定律）。导线越长或越细，电阻越大。
Series circuit: Components connected one after the other in a single loop. Current is the same everywhere; the supply potential difference is shared between components.
串联电路：元件首尾相连在单一回路中的连接方式。各处电流相等；电源电压在元件间分配。
Parallel circuit: Components connected with separate branches. The current is split among branches; each branch receives the full supply potential difference.
并联电路：元件用独立支路连接的方式。电流在各支路分流；每个支路都获得完整的电源电压。
7. Particle Model & Atomic Physics Terms | 粒子模型与原子物理词汇
Density: asured in kg/m³. Equation: ρ = m ÷ V. Dense objects pack a lot of mass into a small space.
密度：单位体积物质的质量，单位是kg/m³。公式：密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积。密度大的物体在很小的体积内含有大量质量。
Specific heat capacity: The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. Water has a high value (4200 J/kg°C), so it heats up slowly.
比热容：使1 kg物质温度升高1 °C所需要的能量。水的比热容很高（4200 J/kg°C），所以它升温缓慢。
Specific latent heat: The energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature. Latent heat of fusion (melting) and vaporisation (boiling).
比潜热：使1 kg物质在不改变温度的情况下改变状态所需要的能量。分为熔解潜热和汽化潜热。
Radioactive decay: The spontaneous breakdown of an unstable atomic nucleus, emitting radiation (alpha, beta or gamma). It is a random process.
放射性衰变：不稳定的原子核自发地分裂，放出射线（α、β或γ）。这是一个随机过程。
Half-life: The average time taken for half the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay. It can be used to date materials or monitor radioactive safety.
半衰期：样本中一半的放射性原子核发生衰变所需的平均时间。可用于测定材料年代或监测放射性安全。
Contamination vs Irradiation: Contamination means getting radioactive material onto or into an object; irradiation means being exposed to radiation without the material being present. "Contain it, don't retain it."
污染与辐照：污染指放射性物质附着或进入物体；辐照指物体仅仅暴露于辐射中，但本身不含有放射性物质。“污染是沾上，辐照是照上。”
8. Forces & Motion Terms | 力与运动词汇
Scalar: A quantity that has magnitude only, such as speed, distance, mass, energy. No direction needed.
标量：只有大小没有方向的量，如速率、路程、质量、能量。
Vector: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as velocity, displacement, force, acceleration. Arrows represent vectors.
矢量：既有大小又有方向的量，如速度、位移、力、加速度。用箭头表示。
Resultant force: The single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on an object. If it is zero, the object is in equilibrium.
合力：与作用在物体上所有力效果相同的单一力。如果合力为零，物体处于平衡状态。
Newton's First Law: An object will remain at rest or move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force. (Law of inertia.)
牛顿第一定律：除非受到合外力的作用，否则物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。（惯性定律）
Newton's Second Law: ct is directly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass.
牛顿第二定律：F = m × a。物体的加速度与合力成正比，与质量成反比。
Moment: r distance from the pivot. Moment = F × d. A longer spanner makes it easier to turn a nut.
力矩：力的转动效应，等于力 × 到支点的垂直距离。力矩 = F × d。扳手越长，转动螺母越省力。
Stopping distance: The sum of thinking distance (distance travelled during the driver's reaction time) and braking distance (distance travelled under the braking force). Affected by speed, alcohol, road conditions.
制动距离：反应距离（驾驶员反应时间内行驶的距离）加上制动距离（制动力作用下的行驶距离）的总和。受车速、酒精和路面条件影响。
9. Waves & Magnetism Terms | 波与磁学词汇
Transverse wave: A wave in which the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Light and water ripples are examples. "Up and down, but forward."
横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直的波。例如光波和水波。“上下振动，向前传播”。
Longitudinal wave: A wave in which the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Sound waves are longitudinal. "Push and pull along the line."
纵波：振动方向与能量传递方向平行的波。声波是纵波。“沿着直线推拉振动”。
Frequency: : The number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). High frequency = high pitch for sound.
频率：每秒钟通过某点的完整波的数量，单位是赫兹（Hz）。频率高则声音音调高。
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its rest position. In sound, greater amplitude means louder volume; in light, brighter.
振幅：波上某点偏离其静止位置的最大位移。对于声音，振幅越大音量越大；对于光，则越亮。
Electromagnetic spectrum: A continuous range of transverse waves that all travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. In order of increasing frequency: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma. (Remember: "Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns")
电磁波谱：一系列在真空中都以光速传播的横波。按频率递增顺序：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：“狂怒的火星人用X射线枪入侵金星”。
Permanent magnet: A material that produces its own magnetic field, such as steel. Unlike poles attract; like poles repel.
永磁体：能产生自身磁场的材料，例如钢。异性相吸，同性相斥。
Electromagnet: A solenoid (coil of wire) with an iron core that becomes magnetic when current flows. The strength can be increased by more turns, higher current or a soft iron core. Can be switched on and off.
电磁铁：带有铁芯的螺线管，当电流通过时产生磁性。增加匝数、提高电流或使用软铁芯都可以增强磁性，并且能够开关控制。
Motor effect: When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. The force is strongest when the current is perpendicular to the field lines. Used in loudspeakers and motors.
电动机效应：当通电导体置于磁场中时，导体会受到力的作用。电流与磁感线垂直时力最大。应用于扬声器和电动机。
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