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Year 10 Eduqas Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 计算机:词汇术语速记指南

2026-07-19 19:30 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 10 Eduqas Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 计算机:词汇术语速记指南

Memorising technical terms is essential for the Eduqas GCSE Computer Science exam. This guide organises key vocabulary from the Year 10 syllabus into thematic sections, providing simple definitions and memory hooks alongside Chinese translations. Use it as a daily drill or a last-minute review tool before tests.

记忆技术术语是 Eduqas GCSE 计算机科学考试的关键。本指南将 Year 10 教学大纲中的核心词汇按主题分类,提供简明定义和记忆技巧,并搭配中文翻译。你可以把它当作日常操练,或考前最后回顾的工具。


1. Algorithm & Computational Thinking | 算法与计算思维

Algorithm: a step-by-step sequence of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. Think of it as a recipe — precise and unambiguous.

算法: 用于解决问题或完成任务的一系列逐步指令。可以把它想象成一份菜谱——精确且不含糊。

Decomposition: breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. 'Divide and conquer' makes coding easier.

分解: 将复杂问题拆分成更小、更易处理的部分。“分而治之”让编程更简单。

Abstraction: hiding unnecessary details and focusing on the important features. A map is an abstraction of a real city; you don't need every tree.

抽象: 隐藏不必要的细节,只关注重要特征。地图就是对真实城市的抽象,你不需要每一棵树。

Pattern recognition: identifying similarities or common characteristics among problems to reuse solutions. Spot the pattern, recycle the logic.

模式识别: 识别问题之间的相似性或共同特征,以便复用解决方案。发现模式,复用逻辑。


2. Basic Programming Constructs | 基本程序结构

Sequence: executing instructions one after another in the order they appear. The simplest program flow — top to bottom.

顺序结构: 按照指令出现的先后顺序一条接一条执行。最简单的程序流——从上到下。

Selection: making decisions using conditions (IF...THEN...ELSE). The code picks a path based on whether something is true or false.

选择结构: 使用条件 (IF...THEN...ELSE) 做决策。代码根据某个条件是否成立来选取一条路径。

Iteration: repeating a block of code. Two types: count-controlled (FOR loop) and condition-controlled (WHILE, REPEAT...UNTIL).

迭代(循环): 重复执行一段代码。有两种类型:计数控制 (FOR 循环) 和条件控制 (WHILE, REPEAT...UNTIL)。

Variable: a named memory location that stores data which can change during program execution. Think of it as a labelled box.

变量: 一个有名称的内存位置,存储的数据在程序运行期间可以改变。可以看作一个贴了标签的盒子。

Constant: a named memory location holding a value that never changes while the program runs. Often written in UPPERCASE to remind you.

常量: 一个有名称的内存位置,保存的值在程序运行期间永不改变。通常用大写字母命名,以此提醒自己。


3. Data Types & Structures | 数据类型与结构

Integer: a whole number, positive or negative, with no decimal part. E.g., -3, 0, 42.

整型: 一个不带小数部分的整数,可以是正数或负数。例如 -3、0、42。

Real (Float): a number that contains a decimal point. E.g., 3.14, -0.001. Used for measurements.

实型(浮点型): 包含小数点的数字。例如 3.14、-0.001。用于测量值。

Boolean: a data type with only two possible values: TRUE or FALSE. Named after George Boole.

布尔型: 只有两种可能值的数据类型:TRUE(真)或 FALSE(假)。以乔治·布尔的名字命名。

String: a sequence of alphanumeric characters and symbols, usually enclosed in quotation marks. 'Hello123' is a string.

字符串: 一系列字母、数字和符号组成的序列,通常用引号括起。'Hello123' 是一个字符串。

Array: an ordered collection of items, all of the same data type, accessed by an index. Think of a numbered list of lockers.

数组: 一个有序的元素集合,所有元素必须属于相同的数据类型,通过索引访问。想象一排编号的储物柜。


4. Operators & Expressions | 运算符与表达式

Arithmetic operators: symbols that carry out mathematical operations: + (add), - (subtract), * (multiply), / (divide), MOD (modulus), DIV (integer division).

算术运算符: 执行数学运算的符号:+(加)、-(减)、*(乘)、/(除)、MOD(取余)、DIV(整除)。

Relational operators: compare two values and return a Boolean result: == (equal), != (not equal), >, <, >=, <=.

关系运算符: 比较两个值并返回布尔结果:==(等于)、!=(不等于)、>、<、>=、<=。

Logical operators: combine multiple conditions: AND (both true), OR (at least one true), NOT (reverses truth). Use truth tables to check.

逻辑运算符: 组合多个条件:AND(两者皆为真)、OR(至少一个为真)、NOT(反转真假)。用真值表可以验证。

Assignment: the process of giving a value to a variable, typically using an equals sign (e.g., score ← 0). Do not confuse with 'equal to'.

赋值: 将值赋予变量的过程,通常使用等号或箭头(例如 score ← 0)。勿与“等于”混淆。


5. Program Design & Validation | 程序设计与验证

Pseudocode: a human-friendly, language-independent notation used to plan algorithms. No strict syntax; just logic.

伪代码: 一种人类友好、不依赖具体编程语言的表示法,用于规划算法。没有严格的语法,只表达逻辑。

Flowchart: mbols (ovals, parallelograms, diamonds) to show the flow of a program. Diamond = decision.

流程图: 使用标准符号(椭圆、平行四边形、菱形)表示程序流程的图示。菱形代表判断。

Trace table: a table used to follow variable values manually through a program to spot logic errors. Essential for debugging on paper.

跟踪表: 一种用于手动跟踪程序执行过程中变量值的表格,帮助发现逻辑错误。纸面调试的重要工具。

Validation: automatic checks that data entered is sensible and within acceptable ranges (range check, presence check, format check).

验证: 自动检查输入的数据是否合理且处于可接受范围内(范围检查、存在检查、格式检查)。

Verification: ensuring data entered matches the original source (double entry, proofreading). It's about accuracy, not logic.

确认: 确保输入的数据与原始资料一致(双重输入、校对)。关注的是准确性,而非逻辑。


6. Data Representation | 数据表示

Binary: a base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1. Computers use binary because transistors have two states (on/off).

二进制: 一种基数为 2 的数字系统,只使用 0 和 1。计算机使用二进制是因为晶体管具有两种状态(开/关)。

Denary (Decimal): the base‑10 system we use every day, with digits 0–9.

十进制: 我们日常使用的基数为 10 的系统,数字为 0–9。

Hexadecimal: base‑16, using 0–9 and A–F. Often used as a shorter way to represent binary (1 hex digit = 4 bits).

十六进制: 基数为 16,使用 0–9 和 A–F。常用来更简短地表示二进制(1 位十六进制数 = 4 个二进制位)。

Bit: the smallest unit of data; a single binary digit (0 or 1).

比特(位): 数据的最小单位;一个二进制位(0 或 1)。

Byte: a group of 8 bits. Can represent 256 different values.

字节: 一组 8 个比特。可以表示 256 个不同的值。

Character set (ASCII / Unicode): a mapping between binary codes and characters. ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits; Unicode covers global symbols.

字符集(ASCII / Unicode): 二进制码与字符之间的映射。ASCII 使用 7 或 8 位;Unicode 覆盖全球符号。

Bitmap image: ixels, where each pixel colour is stored as binary. Resolution = width × height in pixels.

位图图像: 由像素组成的图像,每个像素的颜色以二进制存储。分辨率 = 宽度 × 高度(以像素为单位)。


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7. Computer Architecture | 计算机体系结构

CPU (Central Processing Unit): the 'brain' of the computer that executes instructions. Fetch‑Decode‑Execute cycle runs endlessly.

CPU(中央处理器): 计算机的“大脑”,执行指令。取指-译码-执行周期周而复始。

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): performs calculations and logical comparisons inside the CPU.

ALU(算术逻辑单元): 在 CPU 内部执行算术运算和逻辑比较。

CU (Control Unit): directs the flow of data and coordinates other components of the CPU.

CU(控制单元): 指挥数据流向并协调 CPU 的其他组件。

Von Neumann architecture: a design where program instructions and data share the same memory and bus system. Most modern computers use it.

冯·诺依曼体系结构: 一种将程序指令和数据存放在同一内存和总线系统中的设计。大多数现代计算机采用此结构。

Register: a tiny, fast storage location inside the CPU (e.g., MAR, MDR, Program Counter, Accumulator).

寄存器: CPU 内部极小、极快的存储位置(如 MAR、MDR、程序计数器、累加器)。

Clock speed: the number of cycles a CPU can execute per second, measured in Hertz (GHz). Higher speed generally means faster processing.

时钟速度: CPU 每秒能执行的周期数,以赫兹(GHz)为单位。速度越高通常意味着处理越快。


8. Memory & Storage | 存储器与存储设备

RAM (Random Access Memory): volatile memory that holds data and instructions currently in use. Lost when power is off.

RAM(随机存取存储器): 易失性存储器,保存当前正在使用的数据和指令。断电后数据丢失。

ROM (Read Only Memory): non‑volatile memory that stores the boot program (BIOS). Keeps its contents without power.

ROM(只读存储器): 非易失性存储器,存储启动程序(BIOS)。断电后仍能保留内容。

Virtual memory: using part of the hard disk as though it were RAM when physical RAM is full. It is slower and reduces performance.

虚拟内存: 当物理 RAM 不足时,将部分硬盘空间当作 RAM 使用。速度较慢且会降低性能。

Primary storage: directly accessible by the CPU — mainly RAM and ROM. Fast but expensive per gigabyte.

主存储器: CPU 可以直接访问的存储器——主要是 RAM 和 ROM。速度快但每 GB 成本高。

Secondary storage: non‑volatile storage used for long‑term data retention (HDD, SSD, optical discs, USB flash drives).

辅助存储器: 用于长期保存数据的非易失性存储(硬盘、固态硬盘、光盘、U 盘)。


9. Networks & Protocols | 网络与协议

LAN (Local Area Network): connects computers in a small geographical area, like a school. Owned by one organisation.

LAN(局域网): 连接一个小地理区域内(如学校)的计算机。归一个组织所有。

WAN (Wide Area Network): connects LANs over large distances, e.g., the Internet. Uses external infrastructure.

WAN(广域网): 将长距离的多个局域网连接起来,例如互联网。使用外部基础设施。

Protocol: a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted. HTTP, FTP, TCP/IP, SMTP are examples.

协议: 一套管理数据传输的规则。例如 HTTP、FTP、TCP/IP、SMTP。

TCP/IP: the fundamental protocol suite of the Internet. TCP splits data into packets and reassembles them; IP handles addressing and routing.

TCP/IP: 互联网的基础协议族。TCP 将数据分成数据包并重新组装;IP 负责寻址和路由。

MAC address vs IP address: MAC is a hardware identifier burnt into the NIC (never changes); IP is a logical address that can change with the network.

MAC 地址与 IP 地址: MAC 是烧录在网卡中的硬件标识符(永不改变);IP 是逻辑地址,会随网络环境变化。

Network topology (star, bus, mesh): describes the physical or logical layout of devices in a network. Star is most common in schools.

网络拓扑(星型、总线型、网状): 描述网络中设备的物理或逻辑布局。星型拓扑在学校中最常见。


10. Cybersecurity Threats & Prevention | 网络安全威胁与防护

Malware: malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access. Includes viruses, worms, trojans, and spyware.

恶意软件: 旨在损坏、干扰或获取未经授权访问的恶意软件。包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马和间谍软件。

Phishing: socially engineered emails or messages that trick users into revealing sensitive information. Often mimics banks.

网络钓鱼: 通过社会工程学伪造的邮件或消息,诱骗用户泄露敏感信息。常冒充银行。

Brute‑force attack: systematically trying all possible passwords until the correct one is found. Thwarted by rate limiting and lockout policies.

暴力破解攻击: 系统地尝试所有可能的密码直到找出正确的一个。可通过速率限制和锁定策略挫败。

Encryption: scrambling data using an algorithm so that only authorised parties with a key can read it. Protects confidentiality.

加密: 使用算法对数据加扰,只有持有密钥的授权方才能读取。保护机密性。

Firewall: a system that monitors and controls incoming/outgoing network traffic based on security rules. Acts like a bouncer.

防火墙: 根据安全规则监控和控制进出网络流量的系统。类似一个“门卫”。


11. Databases & SQL | 数据库与 SQL

Database: a structured collection of data organised for easy access, management, and updating. Avoids redundancy.

数据库: 一个为便于访问、管理和更新而组织起来的结构化数据集合。避免冗余。

Table: a collection of related records, organised in rows and columns. Each row is a record; each column is a field.

表: 相关记录的集合,按行和列组织。每一行是一条记录;每一列是一个字段。

Primary key: a unique identifier for each record in a table (e.g., StudentID). Cannot be null and must be unique.

主键: 表中每条记录的唯一标识符(例如 StudentID)。不能为空且必须唯一。

Foreign key: a field in one table that links to the primary key in another table. Builds relationships.

外键: 一个表中的字段,它链接到另一个表的主键。用于建立表间关系。

SQL (Structured Query Language): a language used to query and manipulate relational databases. SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Year=10 retrieves all Year 10 students.

SQL(结构化查询语言): 用于查询和操作关系数据库的语言。SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Year=10 检索所有 Year 10 学生。


12. Ethical, Legal & Environmental Impact | 伦理、法律与环境影响

Data Protection Act 2018 (UK GDPR): law that governs how personal data can be collected, stored, and used. Gives rights to individuals.

2018 年数据保护法(英国 GDPR): 规范个人数据如何被收集、存储和使用的法律。赋予个人相关权利。

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act: protects creators' intellectual property from unauthorised copying or reuse. Even code is protected.

版权、外观设计和专利法: 保护创作者的知识产权免遭未经授权的复制或再利用。即使是代码也受保护。

Computer Misuse Act 1990: makes unauthorised access to computers and data modification illegal. Hacking is a criminal offence.

1990 年计算机滥用法: 将未经授权访问计算机和修改数据定为非法行为。黑客攻击是刑事犯罪。

E‑waste: discarded electronic devices. Contains toxic materials but also valuable metals that can be recycled.

电子垃圾: 被丢弃的电子设备。含有有毒物质,但也包含可回收的有价值金属。

Open source vs Proprietary software: open source licence allows users to view, modify, and share the source code; proprietary keeps its code secret.

开源软件 vs 专有软件: 开源许可证允许用户查看、修改和分享源代码;专有软件则对源代码保密。

Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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