📚 Year 10 AQA Chemistry: Essential Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 10 AQA 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terminology is crucial for success in Year 10 AQA Chemistry. This guide breaks down the essential terms you must know, paired with memory tricks to help you retain them for exams. Each section presents terms in a clear, bite-sized format so you can revise efficiently.
掌握关键术语对于 Year 10 AQA 化学的成功至关重要。本指南分解了必知的基本术语，并配有记忆技巧，助你在考试中牢记它们。每个小节都以清晰、简明的方式呈现术语，帮助你高效复习。
1. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Chemistry starts with the particles that make up everything around us.
化学从构成我们周围万物的粒子开始。
Atom – The smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. Each atom has a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
原子 – 能够参与化学反应的最小粒子。每个原子有由质子和中子组成的原子核，核外有电子。
Element – A substance made of only one type of atom. About 100 different elements exist, arranged in the Periodic Table.
元素 – 由同一种原子组成的物质。大约有100种元素，排列在周期表中。
Compound – A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together, always in fixed proportions. For example, water (H₂O) is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
化合物 – 由两种或以上不同元素以固定比例化学结合而成的物质。例如，水 (H₂O) 是氢和氧的化合物。
Molecule – A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound. All compounds are made of molecules or giant structures.
分子 – 由原子键合而成的原子团，代表化合物的最小基本单元。所有化合物都由分子或巨型结构构成。
Mixture – Two or more substances (elements or compounds) mixed together but not chemically combined. Mixtures can be separated by physical means, such as filtration or distillation.
混合物 – 两种或以上物质（元素或化合物）混合在一起但没有发生化学结合。混合物可通过过滤、蒸馏等物理方法分离。
2. The Periodic Table: Groups and Periods | 周期表：族与周期
The Periodic Table is a map of elements, organised by atomic number and chemical properties. Knowing the layout helps predict bonding and reactivity.
周期表是元素的地图，按原子序数和化学性质排列。了解其布局有助于预测键合和反应性。
Atomic Number – The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the identity of the element. Carbon has atomic number 6.
原子序数 – 原子核中的质子数。它决定了元素的身份。碳的原子序数为6。
Mass Number – The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. It is roughly the relative atomic mass.
质量数 – 原子中质子与中子的总数。大致就是相对原子质量。
Group – A vertical column in the Periodic Table. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell (valence electrons) and similar chemical properties. Group 1 elements are the alkali metals.
族 – 周期表中的纵列。同一族元素的最外层电子数相同，化学性质相似。第1族是碱金属。
Period – A horizontal row in the Periodic Table. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. Period 2 elements have two occupied shells.
周期 – 周期表中的横行。同一周期的元素电子层数相同。第二周期元素有两个占有电子层。
Metals and Non‑metals – Metals are found on the left and centre of the table; they are shiny, conductive, and malleable. Non‑metals are on the right; they are often dull, brittle, and poor conductors. A zig‑zag line separates them.
金属与非金属 – 金属位于周期表左侧和中部，有光泽、导电、可延展。非金属在右侧，通常暗淡、脆、不易导电。锯齿形线将它们分开。
3. Ions and Ionic Bonding | 离子与离子键
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they form charged particles called ions. Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
原子得到或失去电子后，就形成带电粒子——离子。离子键是带相反电荷离子间的静电吸引力。
Ion – An atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons, giving it an overall positive or negative charge. A sodium ion (Na⁺) has lost one electron.
离子 – 失去或得到电子的原子或原子团，整体带正电或负电。钠离子 (Na⁺) 失去了一个电子。
Cation – A positively charged ion, formed by losing electrons. Metals usually form cations.
阳离子 – 带正电的离子，由失去电子形成。金属通常形成阳离子。
Anion – A negatively charged ion, formed by gaining electrons. Non‑metals often form anions. For example, chloride (Cl⁻).
阴离子 – 带负电的离子，由得到电子形成。非金属常形成阴离子，如氯离子 (Cl⁻)。
Ionic Bond – The strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a giant ionic lattice. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a typical ionic compound.
离子键 – 巨型离子晶格中带相反电荷离子间的强静电吸引力。氯化钠 (NaCl) 是典型的离子化合物。
Giant Ionic Lattice – A regular, repeating arrangement of positive and negative ions held together by ionic bonds. This structure makes ionic compounds solid at room temperature and gives them high melting points.
巨型离子晶格 – 正负离子以离子键结合的有规律重复排列。这种结构使离子化合物在室温下为固体，且熔点高。
4. Covalent Bonding and Molecules | 共价键与分子
Non‑metal atoms often share electrons to achieve a full outer shell. This sharing creates covalent bonds and either small molecules or giant covalent structures.
非金属原子通常共享电子以达到稳定外层。这种共享形成共价键，产生小分子或巨型共价结构。
Covalent Bond – A shared pair of electrons between two non‑metal atoms, holding them together. Each atom contributes at least one electron to the pair.
共价键 – 两个非金属原子间共享的一对电子，使它们结合在一起。每个原子至少提供一个电子参与配对。
Simple Molecule – A small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds, with very weak forces between the molecules (intermolecular forces). Examples: H₂O, CO₂, O₂. They have low melting and boiling points.
简单分子 – 由共价键结合的小原子团，分子间作用力非常微弱。例如 H₂O、CO₂、O₂。它们的熔点和沸点低。
Giant Covalent Structure – A vast network of atoms all linked by covalent bonds. Diamond (carbon) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) are examples. These have very high melting points and are hard.
巨型共价结构 – 由共价键连接的大范围原子网络。例如金刚石（碳）和二氧化硅 (SiO₂)。它们熔点极高且质地坚硬。
Macromolecule – Another name for a giant covalent structure. They are essentially one enormous molecule. Graphite is a macromolecule with layers that can slide.
大分子 – 巨型共价结构的别称，本质上是超大的分子。石墨是一种大分子，层与层之间可以滑动。
Intermolecular Forces – Weak forces of attraction between simple molecules. Although covalent bonds inside the molecule are strong, these intermolecular forces determine boiling points.
分子间作用力 – 简单分子之间的微弱吸引力。虽然分子内的共价键很强，但分子间作用力决定了沸点。
5. States of Matter and Changes | 物质状态与变化
Substances exist as solids, liquids or gases, and they change state by gaining or losing energy. The particle model explains these changes.
物质以固态、液态或气态存在，并通过获得或失去能量改变状态。粒子模型解释了这些变化。
Solid – Particles are packed closely in a regular arrangement, vibrating in fixed positions. Solids have a definite shape and volume.
固体 – 粒子紧密排列成规则结构，在固定位置振动。固体有确定的形状和体积。
Liquid – Particles are close together but can move past one another. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container.
液体 – 粒子彼此靠近但可以相对移动。液体有固定体积，但形状随容器而变。
Gas – Particles are far apart, moving quickly in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed.
气体 – 粒子间距大，向各个方向快速运动。气体没有固定形状和体积，可被压缩。
Melting and Boiling – When a solid is heated, particles gain energy and overcome some forces, becoming liquid (melting). Further heating gives particles enough energy to escape as gas (boiling). The reverse processes are freezing and condensing.
熔化与沸腾 – 加热固体时，粒子获得能量并克服部分作用力，变成液态（熔化）。进一步加热使粒子获得足够能量逸出成为气体（沸腾）。逆过程是凝固和冷凝。
Sublimation – The change directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. Iodine and solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublime.
升华 – 物质直接从固态变为气态而不经过液态的过程。碘和固态二氧化碳（干冰）会升华。
6. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Chemical reactions involve rearranging atoms to make new substances. Word equations and balanced symbol equations help us describe these changes.
化学反应涉及原子重新排列生成新物质。文字表达式和配平的符号方程式帮助描述这些变化。
Reactant – A starting substance in a chemical reaction. In the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen and oxygen are reactants.
反应物 – 化学反应起始的物质。在氢与氧的反应中，氢和氧是反应物。
Product – A substance formed in a chemical reaction. Water is the product when hydrogen burns in oxygen.
生成物 – 化学反应中形成的物质。氢在氧中燃烧生成水。
Word Equation – A simple way to show a reaction using chemical names. Example: hydrogen + oxygen → water
文字表达式 – 用化学名称表示反应的简单方式。例：氢 + 氧 → 水
Balanced Symbol Equation – coefficients to ensure the same number of each type of atom on both sides. 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
配平的符号方程式 – 用化学符号和化学式表示，并使用系数使反应前后每种原子的数目相等。2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
Law of Conservation of Mass – No atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, so the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. This is why we balance equations.
质量守恒定律 – 化学反应中原子不会凭空产生或消失，因此反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。这就需要配平方程式。
State Symbols – gas, and (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water). Example: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
状态符号 – 括号中的字母表示物质的状态：(s) 固体, (l) 液体, (g) 气体, (aq) 水溶液。例：Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
7. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱与盐
Acids and bases are common chemicals characterised by their behaviour with indicators and their reactions with each other. Neutralisation produces salts.
酸和碱是常见的化学物质，可通过与指示剂的作用以及彼此的反应来识别。中和反应生成盐。
Acid – A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. Acids have a pH less than 7 and turn blue litmus red. Common lab acids are hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids.
酸 – 溶于水时释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。酸的pH值小于7，使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。常用实验室酸有盐酸、硫酸和硝酸。
Base – A substance that can neutralise an acid, usually a metal oxide or hydroxide. Bases that dissolve in water are called alkalis; they release hydroxide ions (OH⁻).
碱 – 能中和酸的物质，通常是金属氧化物或氢氧化物。溶于水的碱称为可溶性碱；它们释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)。
Alkali – A soluble base. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong alkali. Alkalis have a pH greater than 7 and turn red litmus blue.
可溶性碱 – 可溶的碱。氢氧化钠 (NaOH) 是强碱。碱的pH值大于7，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
pH Scale – A measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is, from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. It is based on the concentration of H⁺ ions.
pH值 – 衡量溶液酸碱性强弱的指标，范围从0（强酸性）到14（强碱性），7为中性。它基于H⁺离子浓度。
Neutralisation – a salt and water. General equation: acid + alkali → salt + water. The pH moves towards 7.
中和反应 – 酸与碱/可溶性碱反应生成盐和水。一般式：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。pH值趋向7。
Salt – An ionic compound formed when a metal replaces the hydrogen in an acid. The name comes from the acid: hydrochloric acid makes chlorides, sulfuric acid makes sulfates, nitric acid makes nitrates.
盐 – 酸中的氢被金属取代后形成的离子化合物。命名与酸对应：盐酸生成氯化物，硫酸生成硫酸盐，硝酸生成硝酸盐。
8. Quantitative Chemistry: Moles and Mass | 定量化学：摩尔与质量
Quantitative chemistry helps us measure and calculate the amounts of substances involved in reactions. The mole is the central counting unit.
定量化学帮助我们测量和计算反应中物质的数量。摩尔是核心计数单位。
Relative Atomic Mass (Aᵣ) – The average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon‑12 atom. It has no units. For carbon, Aᵣ = 12; for oxygen, Aᵣ ≈ 16.
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ) – 一个元素原子的平均质量与碳‑12原子质量的1/12的比值，无单位。碳的Aᵣ=12，氧的Aᵣ≈16。
Relative Formula Mass (Mᵣ) – a formula. For water H₂O: (2 × 1) + 16 = 18. Used for both ionic and covalent substances.
相对分子式质量 (Mᵣ) – 化学式中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。水 H₂O: (2×1)+16=18。适用于离子和共价物质。
Mole – ules, ions). The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is equal to its relative formula mass. One mole of carbon weighs exactly 12 g.
摩尔 – 包含6.02×10²³个粒子（原子、分子、离子）的物质量。1摩尔物质的质量（克）等于其相对分子式质量。1摩尔碳正好重12克。
Avogadro Constant – the number of particles in one mole. It links the microscopic world to measurable masses.
阿伏伽德罗常数 – 6.02×10²³ mol⁻¹，1摩尔物质中的粒子数。它把微观世界和可测量的质量联系起来。
Conservation of Mass in Calculations – In a reaction, the total mass of products equals the total mass of reactants. This allows you to find unknown masses using balanced equations and mole ratios.
计算中的质量守恒 – 反应中，生成物总质量等于反应物总质量。利用配平方程式和摩尔比可求出未知质量。
9. Energy Changes in Reactions | 反应中的能量变化
Chemical reactions can release or absorb energy, usually as heat. Knowing the terms exothermic and endothermic is fundamental.
化学反应可以释放或吸收能量，通常以热的形式。理解放热反应和吸热反应这两个术语是基础。
Exothermic Reaction – A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings, usually heating them up. The temperature of the surroundings rises. Combustion (burning) of fuels and neutralisation reactions are exothermic.
放热反应 – 向周围环境释放能量，通常导致环境温度升高的反应。燃烧和中和反应都是放热反应。
Endothermic Reaction – A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. Thermal decomposition and the reaction of citric acid with sodium hydrogencarbonate are common examples.
吸热反应 – 从周围环境吸收能量，导致温度下降的反应。热分解和柠檬酸与碳酸氢钠的反应是常见例子。
Activation Energy – The minimum amount of energy that particles must collide with for a reaction to occur. Even exothermic reactions need activation energy to get started.
活化能 – 粒子碰撞引发反应所需的最低能量。即使是放热反应也需要活化能来启动。
Reaction Profile – A diagram showing the energy changes during a reaction. The energy of reactants, activation energy hump, and energy of products are shown. Exothermic profiles end lower than the start; endothermic profiles end higher.
反应过程图 – 展示反应过程中能量变化的示意图。标出反应物能量、活化能峰值和生成物能量。放热过程图终点低于起点，吸热则终点更高。
Bond Energy – The energy required to break one mole of a covalent bond (in kJ/mol). Breaking bonds is endothermic; making bonds is exothermic. The overall energy change of a reaction can be calculated using bond energies.
键能 – 断裂1摩尔共价键所需的能量（kJ/mol）。断键吸热，成键放热。反应的整体能量变化可利用键能计算。
10. Electrolysis | 电解
Electrolysis uses an electric current to break down an ionic compound into its elements. It requires a liquid electrolyte and two electrodes.
电解利用电流将离子化合物分解为其组成元素。这需要液态电解质和两个电极。
Electrolysis – The process of decomposing a molten or dissolved ionic compound by passing a direct electric current through it. Positive ions move to the negative electrode; negative ions move to the positive electrode.
电解 – 通过直流电使熔融或溶解的离子化合物分解的过程。阳离子移向负极，阴离子移向正极。
Electrolyte – An ionic substance that is molten or dissolved in water, so its ions are free to move and conduct electricity. Molten lead bromide and aqueous sodium chloride are common electrolytes.
电解质 – 处于熔融或水溶液状态的离子化合物，离子可自由移动而导电。熔融溴化铅和氯化钠溶液是常见电解质。
Electrode – A solid conductor (usually graphite or metal) through which current enters or leaves the electrolyte. There are two: anode (positive) and cathode (negative).
电极 – 电流进出电解质的固体导体（常为石墨或金属）。有两个：阳极（正极）和阴极（负极）。
Anode – The positive electrode. Negatively charged ions (anions) are attracted here and lose electrons (oxidation). In the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, bromide ions form brown bromine gas at the anode.
阳极 – 正极。阴离子被吸引到此处，失去电子（氧化）。电解熔融溴化铅时，溴离子在阳极形成红棕色溴气。
Cathode – The negative electrode. Positively charged ions (cations) move here and gain electrons (reduction). Lead ions become metallic lead at the cathode.
阴极 – 负极。阳离子移向此处，获得电子（还原）。铅离子在阴极变成金属铅。
Half Equation – ing electrolysis. Example at the cathode: Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb. At the anode: 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻.
半方程式 – 表示电解时单个电极上电子转移的方程式。例如阴极：Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb；阳极：2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻。
11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry | 有机化学入门
Organic chemistry studies carbon‑containing compounds. Year 10 introduces alkanes and alkenes, the simplest hydrocarbons, along with key terms like homologous series and functional groups.
有机化学研究含碳化合物。Year 10 会介绍最简单的烃——烷烃和烯烃，以及同系列和官能团等关键术语。
Hydrocarbon – A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Fuels such as methane (CH₄) and ethene (C₂H₄) are hydrocarbons.
烃 – 仅含碳和氢原子的化合物。甲烷 (CH₄) 和乙烯 (C₂H₄) 等燃料都是烃。
Alkane – A saturated hydrocarbon with single C–C bonds only. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Methane, ethane and propane are alkanes. They are relatively unreactive but burn well.
烷烃 – 只含有单键的饱和烃，通式：CₙH₂ₙ₊₂。甲烷、乙烷和丙烷属于烷烃。它们较为不活泼，但易燃烧。
Alkene – east one C=C double bond. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ. Ethene (C₂H₄) is the simplest alkene. Al
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