📚 Year 10 Eduqas Geography: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 Eduqas地理：关键术语速记指南
Mastering geographical terminology is one of the most effective ways to boost your confidence and performance in Eduqas Geography. This quick revision guide brings together the essential keywords from the Year 10 topics, pairing clear English definitions with Chinese translations to help you memorise and apply the terms accurately in exam questions.
掌握地理术语是提升Eduqas地理学习信心和成绩的最佳途径之一。这份速记指南汇集了十年级涵盖的核心主题词汇，每个术语都配有清晰的英文定义和中文翻译，帮助你精准记忆并在答题中灵活运用。
1. River Landscapes and Processes | 河流地貌与过程
Hydraulic Action – The force of fast-flowing water hitting the river bed and banks, compressing air into cracks and forcing rocks to break apart.
水力作用 – 快速流动的水体冲击河床和河岸，将空气压入岩石裂缝，迫使岩石崩解的过程。
Abrasion (Corrasion) – The scraping and scouring of the river channel by the sediment and pebbles carried by the river, wearing away the bed and banks like sandpaper.
磨蚀 – 河流携带的泥沙和卵石像砂纸一样刮擦、磨削河道，侵蚀河床和河岸。
Attrition – The process by which rocks and pebbles being transported by the river collide with each other, gradually becoming smaller, smoother and more rounded.
磨损 – 河流搬运中的石块相互碰撞，逐渐变小、变光滑、变圆的过程。
Solution (Corrosion) – The chemical weathering of river rocks by weak acids in the water, dissolving minerals such as calcium carbonate in chalk and limestone.
溶蚀 – 河水中含有的弱酸对岩石进行化学风化，溶解白垩和石灰岩中的碳酸钙等矿物质。
Meander – A pronounced bend in a river's course that forms where lateral erosion and deposition occur on opposite banks, creating sweeping curves.
曲流（河曲） – 河流在侧向侵蚀和沉积共同作用下形成的显著河湾，摆动冲刷外岸并在内岸堆积。
Oxbow Lake – A crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel by the removal of the narrow neck of land between bends.
牛轭湖 – 当曲流颈部被切穿、河流截弯取直后，被遗弃的弯曲河道形成的月牙形湖泊。
2. Coastal Landscapes and Processes | 海岸地貌与过程
Longshore Drift – The angled movement of sediment along a coastline, caused by waves approaching the shore at an oblique angle, moving sand and pebbles in a zigzag pattern.
沿岸漂移 – 海浪以斜角冲向海岸，造成沉积物沿海岸呈之字形搬运的过程。
Spit – A narrow, elongated ridge of sand or shingle extending from the coastline into the sea, formed by longshore drift depositing material where the coast changes direction.
沙嘴 – 沿岸漂移的沉积物在海岸线转折处堆积形成的伸入海中的狭长沙砾脊。
Bar – A ridge of sand or shingle that forms across a bay, connecting two headlands and creating a lagoon behind it when a spit grows right across an opening.
湾口坝 – 沙嘴横越整个海湾开口，连接两个岬角，在其后方形成潟湖的沙砾脊。
Wave-Cut Platform – A gently sloping, rocky surface left behind at the base of a cliff as the cliff retreats landwards due to continuous undercutting by wave erosion.
波蚀平台 – 海浪不断掏蚀悬崖基部，导致悬崖后退后留在崖前的一片微微倾斜的岩质台地。
Destructive Waves – High-energy waves with a strong backwash that remove more material than they deposit, eroding the coastline, often associated with steep beaches and storm conditions.
破坏性波浪 – 具有强劲回流的高能量波浪，搬运走的物质多于堆积的物质，不断侵蚀海岸，常见于陡岸和暴风天气。
Managed Retreat – A coastal management strategy that allows the shoreline to move inland naturally, often by breaching existing defences, to create new habitats such as saltmarshes.
有序退让 – 一种海岸管理策略，通过打开原有防护设施，允许海岸线自然向内陆移动以形成盐沼等新栖息地。
3. Weather, Climate and Climate Change | 天气、气候与气候变化
Weather – The day-to-day state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, including elements such as temperature, precipitation, wind speed and cloud cover.
天气 – 某时某地大气的日常状态，包括气温、降水、风速和云量等要素。
Climate – The long-term average weather conditions of a region, typically calculated over a period of at least 30 years.
气候 – 一个地区长时期（通常至少30年）的平均天气状况。
Anticyclone – A high-pressure weather system where winds rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, bringing settled, dry and often clear weather conditions.
反气旋 – 高压天气系统，北半球风向顺时针旋转，带来稳定、干燥且多晴朗的天气。
Depression – A low-pressure weather system where warm and cold fronts meet, bringing clouds, precipitation and strong winds; in the Northern Hemisphere winds circulate anticlockwise.
低气压（气旋） – 冷暖气团交汇形成的低压系统，带来云雨和大风；北半球风向呈逆时针旋转。
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect – The increased greenhouse effect caused by human activities (burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture) which raises the concentration of greenhouse gases, trapping more heat and leading to global warming.
增强温室效应 – 人类活动（燃烧化石燃料、毁林、农业）导致温室气体浓度上升，捕获更多热量，引起全球变暖的增强型温室效应。
Milankovitch Cycles – Long-term variations in Earth's orbit and tilt that affect the amount and distribution of solar radiation received, contributing to natural cycles of glacial and interglacial periods.
米兰科维奇旋回 – 地球轨道和地轴倾斜度的长期周期性变化，影响太阳辐射的接收量和分布，导致冰期和间冰期的自然循环。
4. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群系
Ecosystem – A community of living organisms (biotic) interacting with each other and their non-living (abiotic) environment within a defined area, linked by flows of energy and nutrients.
生态系统 – 在特定区域内，生物群落（生物）与其非生物环境相互作用，通过能量流动和养分循环联结而成的整体。
Biome – A large-scale, globally recognised ecosystem type defined by its dominant vegetation, climate and organisms, such as tropical rainforest, desert or tundra.
生物群系 – 根据主要植被、气候和生物划分的全球性大尺度生态系统类型，如热带雨林、沙漠或苔原。
Food Web – A complex network of interconnected food chains that shows all the feeding relationships in an ecosystem, demonstrating how energy flows from producers to consumers and decomposers.
食物网 – 由相互关联的食物链组成的复杂网络，展示生态系统中全部取食关系，体现能量从生产者到消费者和分解者的流动。
Nutrient Cycle – The continuous recycling of essential nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus between the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem through decomposition, uptake and leaching.
养分循环 – 碳、氮、磷等必需养分在生态系统的生物和非生物组分之间通过分解、吸收和淋溶等过程持续循环的机制。
Deforestation – The large-scale removal of trees and forest cover, often for agriculture or urban expansion, leading to loss of biodiversity, disruption of the water cycle and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
毁林 – 为农业或城市扩展而大规模砍伐树木和清除森林覆盖，导致生物多样性丧失、水循环破坏和大气二氧化碳浓度上升。
Desertification – The process by which fertile land becomes increasingly arid and turns into desert, primarily caused by overgrazing, deforestation and unsustainable farming practices.
荒漠化 – 由于过度放牧、毁林和不合理耕作，肥沃土地日益干旱并逐渐退化为沙漠的过程。
5. Tectonic Hazards | 构造灾害
Plate Tectonics – The scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere is broken into large, rigid plates that move slowly over the asthenosphere, causing earthquakes, volcanic activity and mountain building at plate boundaries.
板块构造 – 地球岩石圈分裂为多个巨大坚硬板块，在软流圈上缓慢移动，并在板块边界引发地震、火山活动和造山运动的理论。
Constructive Plate Margin – A boundary where two tectonic plates move away from each other, allowing magma to rise and create new crust, often forming mid-ocean ridges and shield volcanoes.
建设性板块边界 – 两个板块彼此分离的边界，岩浆上涌形成新的地壳，常产生洋中脊和盾状火山。
Destructive Plate Margin – A boundary where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate or another oceanic plate, generating deep ocean trenches, violent earthquakes and explosive composite volcanoes.
破坏性板块边界 – 大洋板块俯冲至大陆板块或另一大洋板块之下的边界，产生深海沟、剧烈地震和爆发式复合火山。
Conservative Plate Margin – A boundary where two plates slide past each other horizontally, without creating or destroying crust; friction builds up and is released suddenly as earthquakes, e.g. the San Andreas Fault.
守恒性板块边界 – 两个板块水平错动的边界，地壳既不生成也不消亡；摩擦应力积累突然释放引发地震，如圣安德烈亚斯断层。
Focus and Epicentre – The focus is the point inside Earth where an earthquake originates; the epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus, where shaking is often most severe.
震源与震中 – 震源是地球内部地震波起始点；震中是震源正上方的地面点，通常震动最强烈。
Richter Scale – A logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude (energy released) of an earthquake; each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in wave amplitude and roughly 32 times more energy.
里氏震级 – 用于测量地震震级（释放能量）的对数标度；每增加一级，波幅增大10倍，能量约增加32倍。
6. Population and Settlement | 人口与聚落
Birth Rate – The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year, used to measure the fertility level of a country.
出生率 – 每年每千人中的活产婴儿数，用于衡量一个国家的人口生育水平。
Death Rate – The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year, reflecting the general mortality level and healthcare conditions.
死亡率 – 每年每千人中的死亡人数，反映人口整体死亡水平和医疗条件。
Natural Increase – The difference between birth rate and death rate; a positive natural increase means the population is growing, while a negative value indicates a natural decrease.
自然增长 – 出生率和死亡率之差；正值表示人口自然增长，负值表示人口自然减少。
Push and Pull Factors – Push factors are negative conditions that drive people away from their place of origin (e.g. unemployment, war); pull factors are positive attractions that draw people to a new destination (e.g. job opportunities, safety).
推拉因素 – 推力因素是将人们推出原居地的负面条件（如失业、战争）；拉力因素是将人们吸引到新目的地的正面条件（如就业机会、安全）。
Population Density – The number of people living per square kilometre of land area, showing how crowded or sparsely populated a region is.
人口密度 – 每平方公里土地面积上的常住人口数，反映一个地区的拥挤或稀疏程度。
Demographic Transition Model (DTM) – A graph showing how birth rates, death rates and total population change over time as a country develops, divided into five stages from high fluctuating to low fluctuating.
人口过渡模型 (DTM) – 显示一国随着发展其出生率、死亡率和总人口随时间变化的模型，分为从高位震荡到低位震荡的五个阶段。
7. Urbanisation and Cities | 城市化与城市
Urbanisation – The increasing proportion of a country's population living in towns and cities, driven by rural-to-urban migration and natural population growth in urban areas.
城市化 – 一个国家城镇人口比例不断上升的过程，由乡村向城市的人口迁移和城市地区自然增长共同驱动。
Megacity – A very large urban agglomeration with a total population of 10 million people or more, such as Tokyo, Delhi or São Paulo.
超大城市 – 人口总数达到或超过1000万的特大都市圈，例如东京、德里或圣保罗。
Informal Settlement – Unplanned, often illegal housing areas that lack basic services and infrastructure, commonly referred to as slums, favelas or shanty towns.
非正规聚落 – 缺乏规划、常为非法建造、缺失基础服务和设施的居住区，通常称为贫民窟、棚户区。
Suburbanisation – The outward growth of urban development into surrounding rural-urban fringe, leading to the expansion of suburbs as people and businesses move from the inner city to the edges.
郊区化 – 城市发展向外蔓延至周边城乡结合部，人口和企业从内城迁至边缘，导致郊区扩张的现象。
Brownfield Site – Land that has been previously built on, often in inner-city locations, which can be redeveloped for new housing or commercial uses, helping to reduce urban sprawl.
棕地 – 曾有过建筑物的土地，多位于内城，可重新开发用于住宅或商业用途，有助于缓解城市无序蔓延。
Sustainable Urban Living – Approaches to urban design and management that aim to reduce the ecological footprint of cities and improve quality of life, including green roofs, renewable energy, efficient public transport and waste recycling.
可持续城市生活 – 旨在降低城市生态足迹并提升生活质量的城市设计与管理方式，包括绿化屋顶、可再生能源、高效公共交通和废物回收利用。
8. Development and Global Inequalities | 发展与全球不平等
Development – The process of improving the economic, social and environmental well-being of people, measured through indicators such as income, education and life expectancy.
发展 – 提升人民经济、社会和环境福祉的过程，通过收入、教育和预期寿命等指标来度量。
Human Development Index (HDI) – A composite index published by the United Nations, combining life expectancy, education (mean and expected years of schooling) and GNI per capita to rank countries' levels of development.
人类发展指数 (HDI) – 联合国发布的综合指数，结合预期寿命、教育（平均和预期受教育年限）以及人均国民总收入，用以对国家发展水平分级。
GNI per Capita – Gross National Income divided by the total population, representing the average income of a country's citizens; often used as an economic indicator of development.
人均国民总收入 – 国民总收入除以总人口，代表一国公民的平均收入，常作为反映经济发展的指标。
Globalisation – The growing interdependence and interconnectedness of countries through the flows of trade, investment, technology, information and people, making distant places more linked.
全球化 – 各国通过贸易、投资、技术、信息和人口流动日益相互依存和互联的过程，使远方地区联系更加紧密。
Transnational Corporation (TNC) – A large company that operates in multiple countries, with headquarters in one country and production or service facilities in others, e.g. Nike, Toyota or Unilever.
跨国公司 – 在多个国家运营的大型企业，总部设在一国，生产或服务设施分布在其他国家，如耐克、丰田或联合利华。
Fair Trade – A trading partnership that seeks greater equity in international trade by guaranteeing fair prices, decent working conditions and sustainable production for producers in developing countries.
公平贸易 – 一种贸易伙伴关系，通过保障发展中国家生产者获得公平价格、体面工作条件和可持续生产，促进国际贸易公平。
9. Resource Management and Sustainability | 资源管理与可持续性
Renewable Resources – Natural resources that can be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption, such as solar energy, wind, water (HEP) and biomass, and are generally less damaging to the environment.
可再生资源 – 能以与消耗速度相当的速度再生的自然资源，如太阳能、风能、水能（水力发电）和生物质能，一般对环境破坏较小。
Non-Renewable Resources – Resources that exist in finite amounts and will eventually run out, including fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, which take millions of years to form.
不可再生资源 – 储量有限，终将耗尽的资源，如煤、石油和天然气等化石燃料，形成需要数百万年时间。
Energy Mix – The combination of different energy sources used to meet a country's energy demands, reflecting its natural resource availability, economic priorities and environmental policies.
能源结构 – 一国为满足能源需求而使用的不同能源的组合，体现其资源禀赋、经济优先顺序和环境政策。
Water Scarcity – The imbalance between water availability and demand, which can be caused by physical shortages (arid climate) or economic shortages (lack of infrastructure to supply clean water).
水资源短缺 – 可用水量与需求之间的不平衡，可能由自然缺水（干旱气候）或经济缺水（缺乏供水基础设施）导致。
Sustainability – Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing social, economic and environmental dimensions.
可持续性 – 满足当代人需求而不损害子孙后代满足其自身需求的能力，同时平衡社会、经济与环境三个方面。
Food Miles – The distance food travels from the point of production to the consumer, used to indicate the environmental impact of transportation and to promote local sourcing.
食物里程 – 食物从产地到消费者所经过的距离，用来衡量运输对环境的影响并鼓励选购本地食品。
10. Geographical Skills and Enquiry | 地理技能与调查
Primary Data – Information collected first
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