📚 Year 10 Eduqas Psychology: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Eduqas 10年级心理学公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference guide for the formulas and key psychological theorems you will encounter in Year 10 Eduqas GCSE Psychology. This handbook breaks down the calculations used in research methods — from measures of central tendency to percentages and ratios — as well as the most important psychological laws that explain memory, perception, and performance. Use these concise summaries to revise effectively and boost your confidence for the exam.
欢迎使用这本Year 10 Eduqas GCSE心理学必备公式定理速查手册。本手册整理了你将在考试中遇到的研究方法计算（从集中趋势测量到百分比与比率）以及解释记忆、感知和表现的最重要心理学定律。利用这些简洁归纳高效复习，增强考试信心。
1. Mean | 平均值
The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of data. It is calculated by adding up all the individual scores and then dividing by the total number of scores. In psychological research, the mean gives a typical value but can be influenced by extreme scores (outliers).
平均值是一组数据的算术平均数。计算方法是把所有单独分数相加，然后除以分数总数。在心理学研究中，平均值能给出典型数值，但容易受到极端分数（异常值）的影响。
Mean = (Total sum of scores) ÷ (Number of scores)
ment gives recall scores of 8, 10, 12, 9, and 11. Mean = (8+10+12+9+11) ÷ 5 = 50 ÷ 5 = 10.
示例：一个记忆实验的回忆分数为8、10、12、9、11。平均值 = (8+10+12+9+11) ÷ 5 = 50 ÷ 5 = 10。
From a frequency table, multiply each score by its frequency, sum those products, and divide by the total number of observations.
若从频数表计算，将每个分数乘以其频数，加总乘积后再除以观察总数。
2. Median | 中位数
The median is the middle value when all scores are arranged in order (from smallest to largest). If there is an even number of scores, the median is the mean of the two middle values. The median is less affected by extreme scores than the mean.
中位数是将所有分数按顺序（从小到大）排列后处于中间位置的数值。如果分数个数为偶数，中位数就是中间两个数值的平均值。中位数受极端分数的影响比平均值小。
Example: For the set 3, 5, 7, 9, 21: median = 7.
示例：数据集3、5、7、9、21的中位数 = 7。
For an even set 2, 4, 6, 8: median = (4+6) ÷ 2 = 5.
偶数数据集2、4、6、8：中位数 = (4+6) ÷ 2 = 5。
3. Mode | 众数
The mode is the most frequently occurring score in a dataset. A dataset can have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or several. The mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with nominal (categorical) data.
众数是数据集中出现次数最多的分数。数据集可以有一个众数（单峰）、两个众数（双峰）或多个。众数是唯一能用于名义（分类）数据的集中趋势测量指标。
Example: In the list red, blue, blue, green, the mode is blue.
示例：列表红、蓝、蓝、绿中，众数是蓝。
4. Range | 极差
The range measures the spread of data. It is the difference between the highest and the lowest score. A larger range suggests greater variability. However, the range only uses two values and can be distorted by outliers.
极差衡量数据的分散程度，即最高分数与最低分数之差。极差越大表示变异性越大。但极差只使用两个数值，容易被异常值扭曲。
Range = Highest score – Lowest score
Example: Test scores: 56, 72, 34, 89, 45. Range = 89 – 34 = 55.
示例：测验分数：56、72、34、89、45。极差 = 89 – 34 = 55。
5. Calculating Percentages | 计算百分比
Percentages are widely used in psychological studies to express results, such as the percentage of participants who conformed in Asch's experiment. To find a percentage, divide the part by the whole and multiply by 100.
百分比广泛应用于心理学研究以表达结果，例如Asch从众实验中顺从的参与者百分比。计算百分比时，用部分除以整体再乘以100。
Percentage = (Part ÷ Whole) × 100
n a class of 25 students, 17 achieve a grade 4 or above. Percentage = (17 ÷ 25) × 100 = 68%.
示例：一个班25名学生，17人达到4级或以上。百分比 = (17 ÷ 25) × 100 = 68%。
Remember: A percentage can be converted to a decimal by dividing by 100 (68% = 0.68).
记住：百分比除以100可以转化为小数（68% = 0.68）。
6. Ratios | 比率
A ratio compares the frequency of one group or category to another. In psychology, ratios can be used to express male‑to‑female participant splits or compare control and experimental group sizes
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