📚 Year 10 Eduqas Science: Quick-Reference Formula and Principle Handbook | 10年级Eduqas科学：公式定理速查手册
This concise handbook brings together the essential formulas and principles you will meet in Year 10 Eduqas Science. Use it as a quick reference for Biology, Chemistry, and Physics to strengthen your understanding and prepare effectively for assessments.
本速查手册汇集了你在10年级Eduqas科学课程中会遇到的核心公式和定理。将它作为生物、化学和物理的快速参考，以加深理解并高效备考。
1. Biology: Magnification Formula | 生物学：放大率公式
Magnification describes how much larger an image appears compared to the actual specimen. The formula is triangular: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size. Both measurements must be in the same unit. You can rearrange it to find the real size or the image size.
放大率描述图像相对于实际标本放大了多少倍。公式为三角形关系：放大率 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。两个测量值必须使用相同单位。你可以通过变形公式求实际大小或图像大小。
M = I ÷ A
2. Biology: Cardiac Output and Heart Rate | 生物学：心输出量与心率
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It depends on the heart rate (beats per minute) and the stroke volume (blood pumped per beat). Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume. This relationship helps to assess heart efficiency and can change during exercise.
心输出量是心脏在一分钟内泵出的血液体积，取决于心率（每分钟心跳次数）和每搏输出量（每次心跳泵出的血量）。心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量。这个关系有助于评估心脏效率，并在运动时会发生变化。
CO = HR × SV
3. Chemistry: Relative Atomic Mass (Aᵣ) | 化学：相对原子质量 (Aᵣ)
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the weighted mean mass of an atom compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon‑12 atom. It enables us to compare masses of different atoms without dealing with tiny kilogram values. You will find Aᵣ values on the periodic table; they are used to calculate molar masses and relative formula masses (Mᵣ).
相对原子质量 (Aᵣ) 是一个原子的加权平均质量与碳‑12原子质量的 1/12 的比值。它使我们能在不涉及极小千克数的情况下比较不同原子的质量。你会在周期表上找到 Aᵣ 值；它们用于计算摩尔质量和相对式量 (Mᵣ)。
Aᵣ = (average mass of an atom) ÷ (1/12 mass of ¹²C atom)
4. Chemistry: Moles and Mass | 化学：摩尔与质量
The mole links the mass of a substance to the number of particles. In calculations, the formula moles (n) = mass (m) ÷ molar mass (M) is used. Mass must be in grams and molar mass in g/mol. You can rearrange it to find either mass or molar mass.
摩尔将物质的质量与粒子数目联系起来。计算中使用公式 摩尔数 (n) = 质量 (m) ÷ 摩尔质量 (M)。质量必须用克，摩尔质量用 g/mol。你可以变形公式求质量或摩尔质量。
n = m ÷ M
5. Chemistry: Concentration of Solutions | 化学：溶液浓度
Concentration tells us how much solute is dissolved in a given volume of solvent. In mol/dm³, it is given by concentration (c) = moles of solute (n) ÷ volume of solution (V). Volume must be in dm³. You may also express concentration in g/dm³ using mass instead of moles.
浓度告诉我们在一定体积的溶剂中溶解了多少溶质。以 mol/dm³ 表示时，公式为 浓度 (c) = 溶质的摩尔数 (n) ÷ 溶液体积 (V)。体积必须以 dm³ 为单位。你也可以使用质量而非摩尔数，以 g/dm³ 表示浓度。
c = n ÷ V
6. Physics: Speed and Acceleration | 物理：速度与加速度
Speed is the distance travelled per unit time: speed = distance ÷ time. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. When acceleration is uniform, you can use a = (v - u) ÷ t, where v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, and t is time. These equations help describe motion in a straight line.
速度是单位时间内通过的距离：速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。加速度是速度的变化率。当加速度恒定时，可使用 a = (v - u) ÷ t，其中 v 是末速度，u 是初速度，t 是时间。这些方程帮助描述直线运动。
v = d ÷ t and a = (v − u) ÷ t
7. Physics: Newton's Second Law (F = ma) | 物理：牛顿第二定律 (F = ma)
The resultant force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration: F = m × a. Force is measured in newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg), and acceleration in metres per second squared (m/s²). This law explains why larger masses require bigger forces to achieve the same acceleration.
作用在物体上的合力等于其质量与加速度的乘积：F = m × a。力的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量用于千克 (kg)，加速度用米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。这个定律解释了为什么质量越大的物体需要越大的力才能达到相同的加速度。
F = m a
8. Physics: Work Done and Power | 物理：做功与功率
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance: work done (W) = force (F) × distance (d). It is measured in joules (J). Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred: power (P) = work done ÷ time, or P = E ÷ t, measured in watts (W).
当力使物体移动一段距离时做功：做功 (W) = 力 (F) × 距离 (d)。其单位为焦耳 (J)。功率是做功或传递能量的速率：功率 (P) = 做功 ÷ 时间，或 P = E ÷ t，单位是瓦特 (W)。
W = F × d and P = W ÷ t
9. Physics: Ohm's Law and Electrical Power | 物理：欧姆定律与电功率
Ohm’s law relates voltage, current, and resistance in many conductors: voltage (V) = current (I) × resistance (R). For electrical power, we use power (P) = current (I) × voltage (V) P = I²R and P = V²/R. These formulas are key to understanding energy transfer in circuits.
欧姆定律描述了许多导体中电压、电流和电阻的关系：电压 (V) = 电流 (I) × 电阻 (R)。对于电功率，使用 功率 (P) = 电流 (I) × 电压 (V)。结合欧姆定律，还可推导出 P = I²R 和 P = V²/R。这些公式对于理解电路中的能量转移至关重要。
V = I R and P = I V, P = I² R, P = V² ÷ R
10. Physics: Wave Speed Equation | 物理：波速方程
Wave speed depends on the medium. The equation linking wave speed (v), frequency (f), and wavelength (λ) is v = f × λ. Speed is in m/s, frequency in hertz (Hz), and wavelength in metres (m). This applies to all types of waves, including sound and light.
波速取决于介质。联系波速 (v)、频率 (f) 和波长 (λ) 的方程为 v = f × λ。速度单位为 m/s，频率为赫兹 (Hz)，波长为米 (m)。这适用于所有类型的波，包括声波和光波。
v = f λ
11. Physics: Density Equation | 物理：密度公式
Density is the mass per unit volume of a material: density (ρ) = mass (m) ÷ volume (V). The units are typically g/cm³ or kg/m³. Knowing the density of an object helps predict whether it will float or sink in a fluid.
密度是材料单位体积的质量：密度 (ρ) = 质量 (m) ÷ 体积 (V)。常见单位是 g/cm³ 或 kg/m³。知道物体的密度有助于预测它会在流体中漂浮还是下沉。
ρ = m ÷ V
12. Physics: Gravitational Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy | 物理：重力势能与动能
Energy can be stored or in motion. Gravitational potential energy (Eₚ) depends on height: Eₚ = m g h, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s². Kinetic energy (Eₖ) is the energy of movement: Eₖ = ½ m v². When an object falls, gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy (ignoring air resistance).
能量可以储存也可以表现为运动。重力势能 (Eₚ) 取决于高度：Eₚ = m g h，其中 g ≈ 9.8 m/s²。动能 (Eₖ) 是运动的能量：Eₖ = ½ m v²。物体下落时，重力势能转化为动能（忽略空气阻力）。
Eₚ = m g h and Eₖ = ½ m v²
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