📚 Year 10 Eduqas Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 10 Eduqas 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is the key to unlocking success in your Eduqas GCSE Science exams. This guide brings together the most important terms from Biology, Chemistry and Physics that you will encounter in Year 10. Each term is explained clearly and paired with a Chinese translation and memory tip to help you learn faster and remember longer.
掌握科学词汇是打开 Eduqas GCSE 科学考试成功大门的钥匙。本指南汇集了 Year 10 生物、化学和物理中最重要的大量术语。每个术语都附有清晰解释、中文翻译和记忆技巧，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Working Scientifically: Investigation & Variables | 科学探究：调查与变量
Before diving into the content, you must be confident with investigation vocabulary. These terms describe how experiments are designed, carried out and evaluated. They appear in every science paper.
在深入学科内容之前，你必须熟练掌握探究词汇。这些术语描述了实验的设计、实施和评估方式，在每一份科学试卷中都会出现。
| English Term | 中文 | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Independent variable | 自变量 | The factor you change deliberately. |
| Dependent variable | 因变量 | The factor you measure or observe. |
| Control variable | 控制变量 | Factors kept the same to ensure a fair test. |
| Accurate | 准确 | A result that is close to the true value. |
| Precise | 精确 | Repeated measurements that are very similar to each other. |
| Repeatable | 可重复 | Same person, same method, similar results. |
| Reproducible | 可重现 | Different person, different equipment, similar results. |
Think of the independent variable as the 'I change' factor. A quick memory aid is Cows Moo Softly: Change, Measure, Same variable.
可以把自变量想象成“我来改变”的因素。一个速记技巧是 Cows Moo Softly：改变、测量、保持不变变量。
2. Biology: Cells & Microscopy | 生物学：细胞与显微镜使用
Cell biology is the foundation of all living things. You need to recognise organelles, compare cell types and calculate magnification. The terms below are essential for the Eduqas specification.
细胞生物学是所有生物的基础。你需要识别细胞器、比较细胞类型并进行放大倍数计算。以下术语对于 Eduqas 考纲至关重要。
| English Term | 中文 | Quick Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | 细胞核 | Contains genetic material; controls cell activities. |
| Cytoplasm | 细胞质 | Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. |
| Mitochondria | 线粒体 | Site of aerobic respiration; releases energy. |
| Ribosome | 核糖体 | Where proteins are synthesised. |
| Cell membrane | 细胞膜 | Controls what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Chloroplast | 叶绿体 | Contains chlorophyll; absorbs light for photosynthesis. |
| Magnification | 放大倍数 | Size of image divided by real size of object. |
istake is mixing up units; convert all lengths to the same unit first, such as micrometres (µm).
牢记公式：放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。常见错误是混淆单位；先统一换算为同一单位，例如微米。
3. Biology: Genetics & Inheritance | 生物学：遗传与继承
This topic introduces DNA, genes and alleles. Eduqas expects you to use these words precisely when explaining monohybrid crosses and genetic disorders.
本主题引入 DNA、基因和等位基因。Eduqas 要求你在解释单基因杂交和遗传疾病时准确使用这些词汇。
| English Term | 中文 | Memory Snapshot |
|---|---|---|
| DNA | 脱氧核糖核酸 | Double-helix polymer that carries genetic code. |
| Gene | 基因 | A section of DNA that codes for a protein. |
| Allele | 等位基因 | A variant form of a gene. |
| Dominant | 显性 | An allele that is always expressed if present. |
| Recessive | 隐性 | An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present. |
| Genotype | 基因型 | The combination of alleles an organism has. |
| Phenotype | 表型 | The observable characteristics. |
| Homozygous | 纯合子 | Having two identical alleles for a trait. |
| Heterozygous | 杂合子 | Having two different alleles for a trait. |
Link 'homo' with 'same' (homogeneous) and 'hetero' with 'different' (heterogeneous). Punnett squares are your best friend for predicting genotypes.
将“homo”与“相同”（同质的）联系起来，“hetero”与“不同”（异质的）联系起来。庞纳特方格是预测基因型的最佳工具。
4. Chemistry: Atoms, Elements & the Periodic Table | 化学：原子、元素与周期表
Year 10 Chemistry builds on atomic structure. You must confidently use terms like proton, neutron, electron and isotope. The periodic table organises elements by atomic number.
Year 10 化学建立在原子结构之上。你必须自信地使用质子、中子、电子和同位素等术语。周期表按原子序数排列元素。
| English Term | 中文 | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Atom | 原子 | Smallest part of an element that can take part in chemical reactions. |
| Proton | 质子 | Positively charged particle, mass ~1, in nucleus. |
| Neutron | 中子 | Neutral particle, mass ~1, in nucleus. |
| Electron | 电子 | Negatively charged particle, negligible mass, orbits nucleus. |
| Atomic number | 原子序数 | Number of protons; determines the element. |
| Mass number | 质量数 | Total protons + neutrons. |
| Isotope | 同位素 | Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. |
Use the nuclear model diagram to visualise protons and neutrons in the tiny nucleus while electrons occupy shells. Atomic number is the 'fingerprint' of an element.
利用核模型图想象质子和中子在微小原子核中，而电子分层排布。原子序数是元素的“指纹”。
5. Chemistry: Bonding & Structure | 化学：键合与结构
Understanding how atoms join together helps explain the properties of substances. Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding are the three main types on the Eduqas specification.
理解原子如何结合有助于解释物质的性质。离子键、共价键和金属键是 Eduqas 考纲中的三种主要键合类型。
| English Term | 中文 | Core Idea |
|---|---|---|
| Ion | 离子 | A charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons. |
| Ionic bond | 离子键 | Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
| Covalent bond | 共价键 | A shared pair of electrons between atoms. |
| Molecule | 分子 | Two or more atoms covalently bonded together. |
| Giant covalent structure | 巨型共价结构 | Huge network of atoms linked by covalent bonds (e.g. diamond, SiO₂). |
| Metallic bonding | 金属键 | Attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons. |
Recall 'Ionic = I give/take electrons', 'Covalent = Co-operate by sharing'. Metals conduct electricity because delocalised electrons are free to move.
记住“离子键 = 我给予/拿走电子”，“共价键 = 合作共享”。金属能导电是因为离域电子可以自由移动。
6. Chemistry: Reactions & Energetics | 化学：化学反应与能量变化
Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atoms and energy changes. Year 10 covers exothermic and endothermic reactions, as well as collision theory.
化学反应涉及原子的重新排列和能量变化。Year 10 涵盖放热反应、吸热反应以及碰撞理论。
| English Term | 中文 | Fast Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Reactant | 反应物 | Substance present at the start of a reaction. |
| Product | 产物 | Substance formed during a reaction. |
| Exothermic | 放热 | Releases heat; temperature of surroundings increases. |
| Endothermic | 吸热 | Absorbs heat; temperature of surroundings decreases. |
| Activation energy | 活化能 | Minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur. |
| Catalyst | 催化剂 | Speeds up a reaction without being used up. |
Think of 'exo' as 'exit' (heat exits), 'endo' as 'enter' (heat enters). Catalysts lower activation energy, providing an easier pathway.
把“exo”想成“出口”（热量出去），“endo”想成“进入”（热量进入）。催化剂通过降低活化能提供更容易的路径。
7. Chemistry: Acids, Bases & Electrolysis | 化学：酸、碱与电解
Acids and alkalis are everywhere. The pH scale and neutralisation reactions are crucial. Electrolysis uses electricity to split ionic compounds.
酸和碱随处可见。pH 标度和中和反应至关重要。电解利用电流分解离子化合物。
| English Term | 中文 | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Acid | 酸 | A substance that releases H⁺ ions in water; pH less than 7. |
| Base | 碱 | A substance that neutralises an acid to form a salt. |
| Alkali | 碱（可溶） | A soluble base that releases OH⁻ ions in water; pH greater than 7. |
| Neutralisation | 中和 | Reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water. |
| Electrolysis | 电解 | Breaking down a compound using electricity. |
| Electrolyte | 电解质 | Molten or dissolved ionic compound that conducts electricity. |
| Anode | 阳极 | Positive electrode; attracts anions. |
| Cathode | 阴极 | Negative electrode; attracts cations. |
Remember PANIC: Positive Anode, Negative Is Cathode. Anions are negative, cations are positive – opposites attract.
记住 PANIC：阳极是正极，阴极是负极。阴离子是负的，阳离子是正的——异性相吸。
8. Physics: Motion & Forces | 物理：运动与力
Kinematics and dynamics
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