📚 Year 10 Edexcel PE Key Terms Quick Recall Guide | 爱德思10年级体育核心术语速记指南
Mastering the technical language of Physical Education is as essential as physical performance itself. The Edexcel GCSE PE course demands that you not only recognise key terms but also apply them accurately in exam answers and practical analysis. This guide breaks down must-know terminology into logical body systems and topic areas, providing simple memory hooks, mnemonics and comparison tables to speed up your recall. Whether you are revising the skeletal system, training principles or sports psychology, use these strategies to lock in definitions and impress your examiner with precise vocabulary.
掌握体育学科的专业术语与运动技能本身同等重要。爱德思 GCSE 体育课程要求你不仅要认识核心词汇，还要在考试答题和实践分析中准确运用它们。本指南将必背术语按照身体系统和主题领域进行拆分，并提供简单好记的记忆挂钩、助记口诀和对比表格，帮助你快速记忆。无论你正在复习骨骼系统、训练原则还是运动心理学，用这些策略牢牢锁定定义，用准确的词汇打动考官。
1. Memory Strategies Overview | 记忆策略总览
Before diving into specific terms, adopt a multi-sensory approach: say the word aloud, sketch a quick diagram, and link it to a physical experience from your own sport. Acronyms and stories work powerfully because the brain loves patterns. For example, the acronym 'SPORT' instantly recalls the Principles of Training. Chunking related terms into mini-clusters (e.g. all heart-related words) also reduces overload. Finally, try the 'teach-back' method — explain the term to a friend without notes. If you can teach it, you know it.
在进入具体术语之前，先采用多感官学习法：大声说出词汇、快速画个示意图，并把它和自己的运动经历联系起来。缩写和故事记忆法非常强大，因为大脑喜欢模式。例如，缩写“SPORT”能立刻让你想起训练原则。将相关术语组成小群组（如所有心脏相关词汇）也能减少信息过载。最后，尝试“教给别人”的方法——不靠笔记向朋友解释该术语。如果你能教会别人，就说明你真的掌握了。
2. Skeletal System Terms | 骨骼系统术语
Cranium: the skull bone that protects the brain. Think 'cranium = brain container'.
头盖骨：保护大脑的头骨。记成“颅骨即大脑容器”。
Vertebral column: the spine made of 33 vertebrae; it provides central support. Link 'vertebrae' to 'vertical' — stacked vertically.
脊柱：由33块椎骨组成的中轴支柱。把“椎骨”与“垂直”联系起来——垂直堆叠。
Synovial joint: d for lubrication. Examples: hinge (knee, elbow), ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip). Recall: 'synovial = slippery fluid'.
滑膜关节：含有滑液起润滑作用的高度可动关节。例如：屈戌关节（膝、肘），球窝关节（肩、髋）。联想：“滑膜 = 滑滑的液体”。
Ligament: tough band connecting bone to bone, stabilising joints. Imagine 'ligament = link-a-bone'.
韧带：连接骨与骨的坚韧带，稳定关节。想象“韧带——连接骨头的纽带”。
Tendon: connects muscle to bone, transmitting force. Separate from ligaments: 'tendon = muscle to bone, ligaments = bone to bone'.
肌腱：连接肌肉与骨骼，传递力量。跟韧带区分：“肌腱连肌肉与骨，韧带连骨与骨”。
3. Muscular System Terms | 肌肉系统术语
Agonist (prime mover): the muscle that contracts to create movement. For a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist. Remember: 'agonist acts, antagonist relaxes'.
主动肌（原动肌）：收缩产生运动的肌肉。在肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌是主动肌。记住：“主动肌做功，拮抗肌放松”。
Antagonist: to : the muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow movement. In the same curl, the triceps brachii is the antagonist. An easy pair: 'biceps brachii = flexor (agonist during flexion), triceps brachii = extensor'.
拮抗肌：为允许运动而放松并拉长的肌肉。在同一个弯举中，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。简单配对：“肱二头肌=屈肌（屈曲时主动），肱三头肌=伸肌”。
Isotonic contraction: er : muscle changes length under constant tension; includes concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening). Picture 'isotonic = tone changes length'.
等张收缩：肌肉在恒定张力下改变长度；包括向心收缩（缩短）和离心收缩（拉长）。想象“等张 = 张力不变长度变”。
Isometric contraction: muscle tension develops but length stays the same, e.g. plank hold. 'Isometric = same length, metric = measure'. No visible movement.
等长收缩：肌肉产生张力但长度不变，如平板支撑。“等长=长度相同”，没有可见运动。
4. Cardiovascular System Terms | 心血管系统术语
Heart rate (HR): ts per minute (bpm). A lower resting HR indicates better aerobic fitness. Maximum HR ≈ 220 – age. Use
Max HR = 220 – age
as a quick guide.心率：每分钟心跳次数。安静心率越低表明有氧适能越好。最大心率 ≈ 220 – 年龄。使用
最大心率 = 220 – 年龄
作为快速参考。Stroke volume: the volume: f blood pumped by the left ventricle per beat. Endurance training increases stroke volume. 'Stroke volume = per beat output, not per minute'.
每搏输出量：左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。耐力训练能增大每搏输出量。“每搏输出量 = 每次搏动输出，非每分钟”。
Cardiac output (Q): stroke volume × heart rate. Q = SV × HR. It rises during exercise. Mnemonic: 'Q is the total flow, SV and HR work together.'
心输出量：每搏输出量 × 心率。Q = SV × HR。运动时心输出量增加。口诀：“Q是总流量，SV和HR共同决定”。
Arteries vs. Veins: arteries carry blood away from the heart (bright red, high pressure); veins carry blood back to the heart (darker, contain valves). 'Arteries Away' is the classic memory hook.
动脉 与 静脉：动脉将血液带离心脏（鲜红色，高压）；静脉将血液送回心脏（暗红色，含有瓣膜）。“Ateries Away（动脉离开）”是经典记忆挂钩。
5. Respiratory System Terms | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal volume: the amount of air breathed in or out per normal breath. Increases during exercise. Think 'tidal like the sea — regular rise and fall'.
潮气量：每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。运动时增大。联想“潮汐一样——规律起伏”。
Vital capacity: u : the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale after maximum inhalation. It is a fixed volume, unlike tidal volume. 'Vital capacity = your full lung potential'.
肺活量：最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大气量。它是一个固定值，不同于潮气量。“肺活量=肺部全部潜力”。
Minute ventilation (VE): Represents total air moved in one minute. Link to cardiac output: both are flow measures.
每分通气量：潮气量 × 呼吸频率。代表每分钟移动的空气总量。与心输出量关联：两者都是流量指标。
Gaseous exchange: the diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from blood into the lungs. Remember 'high to low concentration' and that haemoglobin binds oxygen.
气体交换：氧气从肺泡扩散进血液，二氧化碳从血液扩散入肺部。记住“高浓度到低浓度”，以及血红蛋白结合氧气。
6. Principles of Training & Exercise | 训练与运动原则术语
SPORT: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. These five words define how to plan a training programme. Specificity means training must match the sport; overload requires going beyond normal limits (FITT); reversibility reminds us 'use it or lose it'; tedium warns against boredom.
SPORT 原则：专项性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、趣味性。这五个词定义了如何制定训练计划。专项性即训练必须匹配运动项目；超负荷要求超过常态（用FITT调控）；可逆性提醒“用进废退”；趣味性预防枯燥。
FITT: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. Used to apply overload safely. Frequency = how often; Intensity = how hard (e.g. % max HR); Time = duration; Type = mode of exercise.
FITT 原则：频率、强度、时间、类型。用于安全地实施超负荷。频率=多久一次；强度=多努力（如最大心率百分比）；时间=持续时间；类型=运动方式。
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic: . Anaerobic does not use oxygen, high intensity, short bursts (e.g. sprinting). Word root: 'aero = air, an = without'.
有氧 与 无氧：有氧利用氧气，强度较低，持续时间长（如慢跑）。无氧不依赖氧气，高强度，短时间爆发（如短跑）。词根：“aero=空气，an=没有”。
RICE protocol: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. First aid for soft tissue injuries. 'Rice cools and heals the injury.'
RICE 原则：休息、冰敷、加压、抬高。软组织损伤的急救处理。“RICE让伤处冷却愈合”。
7. Movement Analysis Terms | 动作分析术语
Lever systems: bones act as levers, joints as fulcrums, muscles provide effort. Three classes exist; in the body, third-class levers are most common (effort between fulcrum and load, e.g. bicep curl). Remember 'FLE: 1st class Fulcrum in middle, 2nd Load, 3rd Effort'.
杠杆系统：骨是杠杆，关节是支点，肌肉提供动力。分三类；人体中最常见的是第三类杠杆（动力在支点和负荷之间，如肱二头肌弯举）。记忆口诀：“FLE: 1类支点居中，2类负荷居中，3类动力居中”。
Planes of movement: side movements like star jumps); Transverse divides top and bottom (rotation like discus). ' direction as an arrow, Frontal = facing forward but moving sideways, Transverse = turning.'
运动平面：矢状面将身体分为左右（跑步等前向运动）；额状面分为前后（如开合跳的侧向运动）；水平面分为上下（如铁饼的旋转）。简单记忆：“矢状面如箭前后，额状面正面侧移，水平面旋转扭动”。
Axes of rotation: Frontal axis (stick through side to side) allows sagittal plane movement; Sagittal axis (stick through front to back) allows frontal plane movement; Longitudinal axis (stick through head to toe) allows transverse plane rotation. Axis-plane pair: 'Frontal axis with Sagittal plane, Sagittal axis with Frontal plane, Longitudinal with Transverse'. It crosses at 90 degrees.
转动轴：额状轴（从体侧穿入）允许矢状面运动；矢状轴（前后穿过）允许额状面运动；垂直轴（从头到脚）允许水平面旋转。轴-面配对：“额状轴配矢状面，矢状轴配额状面，垂直轴配水平面”。轴与对应平面垂直交叉。
8. Health & Fitness Related Terms | 健康与体适能相关术语
Health: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease. Key exam phrase: 'complete physical, mental and social well-being'.
健康：一种身体、心理及社会完全安好的状态，而不仅是没有疾病。考试关键词：“身体、心理与社会完全安好的状态”。
Fitness: the ability to meet the demands of the environment. It is specific to a task; you can be fit for football but not for marathon swimming.
体适能：满足环境需求的能力。具有任务专一性；你可以适合踢足球，但不一定适合马拉松游泳。
Components of fitness: often divided into health-related (cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition) and skill-related (agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, speed). Use the acronym 'CMMFB' for health-related, and 'ABCPRS' for skill-related.
体适能要素：常分为健康相关（心血管耐力、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性、身体成分）和技能相关（敏捷性、平衡、协调性、爆发力、反应时、速度）。记忆缩写：健康相关“CMMFB”，技能相关“ABCPRS”。
Agility vs. Balance vs. Coordination: ody parts together. Exam tip: agility involves speed and direction change; coordination involves multiple limbs.
敏捷、平衡与协调的区别：敏捷 = 快速控制下改变方向；平衡 = 保持重心在支撑面内；协调 = 两个或以上身体部分平滑配合。考试技巧：敏捷涉及速度和方向变化；协调涉及多个肢体。
9. Sports Psychology Terms | 运动心理学术语
Arousal: a physical and mental state of alertness. Inverted-U theory suggests performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point, then declines. 'Too calm or too tense both hurt performance.'
唤醒水平：身体和心理的警觉状态。倒U型理论指出，随着唤醒水平提高，运动表现提升至最佳点，然后下降。“太冷静或太紧张都会损害表现”。
Intrinsic motivation: nal satisfaction. Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards like trophies or money. 'Intrinsic = inside, Extrinsic = external.'
内在动机：来自内部奖赏的驱动力，如乐趣或个人满足感。外在动机来自奖杯或金钱等外部奖励。“内在=内部，外在=外部”。
Feedback types: Intrinsic (felt by the performer, e.g. kinesthetic sense); Extrinsic (from coach or video); Knowledge of results (outcome, e.g. score); Knowledge of performance (how well you moved). Group them as 'internal feeling vs. external information'.
反馈类型：内在反馈（由动作执行者自身感知，如本体感觉）；外在反馈（来自教练或视频）；结果知晓（结果，如得分）；表现知晓（动作质量）。分类为“内部感觉”和“外部信息”。
SMART goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded/Realistic, Timed. A widely tested acronym. Always check if a goal statement matches all five.
SMART 目标：具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、有记录/现实的、有时限的。考试中频繁出现的缩写。始终检验目标陈述是否五项都满足。
10. Nutrition & Hydration Terms | 营养与水合作用术语
Macronutrients: s : carbohydrates, fats, proteins. Carbs are the main energy fuel; fats provide long-duration energy; proteins aid muscle repair. 'Carbs = immediate, Fats = sustained, Protein = repair'.
宏量营养素：碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质。碳水化合物是主要能量燃料；脂肪提供长时间能量；蛋白质帮助肌肉修复。“碳水=即时，脂肪=持久，蛋白质=修复”。
Hydration: inks contain similar concentrations of salt and sugar to body fluids for quick absorption. 'Iso = equal, tonic = tone/concentration'.
水合作用：维持水平衡。脱水会损害运动表现，尤其是耐力项目。等渗饮料含有与体液接近的盐和糖浓度，吸收快。“等渗 = 浓度相等”。
Carbohydrate loading: a strategy used before endurance events to maximise glycogen stores. Commonly a 3-day taper with high-carb intake. Remember: 'load the tank before the long race'.
碳水化合物加载：耐力赛事之前最大化肌糖原储备的策略。常见为三天减量加高碳水摄入。记住：“长赛前把油箱加满”。
11. Flashcard Creation & Active Review | 速记卡片制作与主动回顾
Create physical or digital flashcards with the term on one side and a clear definition plus a personal memory clue on the other. Use dual coding: add a simple sketch or symbol. Sort cards into piles of 'known', 'shaky' and 'new', and revisit the shaky pile daily. Spaced repetition apps can automate this process. Always test yourself by recalling the definition aloud before flipping the card — active recall strengthens memory far better than passive reading.
制作实体或数字闪卡，一面写术语，另一面写清晰的定义和个性化的记忆线索。使用双重编码：添加简单草图或符号。将卡片分成“已掌握”“不太稳”“新词”几堆，每天复习“不太稳”的那堆。间隔重复APP可以自动完成这个过程。翻看卡片前一定要先大声回忆定义——主动回忆比被动阅读能更有效增强记忆。
12. Commonly Confused Terms Glossary | 常见易混淆词汇辨析
| Often Confused (易混淆) | Quick Distinction (快速区分) | Memory Tip (记忆提示) |
|---|---|---|
| Isometric / Isotonic | Isometric – no length change; Isotonic – length changes. | 'Metre' refers to length; iso-metric = same length. |
| Tendon / Ligament | Tendon – muscle to bone; Ligament – bone to bone. | 'Tendon ends with "on", like muscle on bone.' |
| Aerobic / Anaerobic | Aerobic – with oxygen; Anaerobic – without oxygen. | 'Aero = air; Anaerobic = no air.' |
| Agility / Balance / Coordination | Agility – change direction; Balance – staying upright; Coordination – using body parts together. | Agility = agility ladder (footwork); Balance = beam; Coordination = catch & throw. |
| Tidal volume / Vital capacity | Tidal – normal breath; Vital capacity – max breath out after max in. | 'Tidal = regular tide; Vital = full vital lung power.' |
| Heart rate / Stroke volume / Cardiac output | HR = beats/min; SV = volume/beat; Q = SV × HR. | Think of Q as total flow (litres per minute). |
Using this quick-reference table during revision sessions will save time and prevent small mistakes that can cost marks. Refer back to it whenever you encounter these terms in past papers.
复习时使用这张快速对照表可以节省时间，避免因细微混淆而失分。在刷历年真题遇到这些术语时，随时回来查阅。
Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
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