📚 Year 10 Eduqas Chemistry: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | Year 10 Eduqas 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Navigating GCSE Chemistry under the Eduqas specification requires a solid command of scientific vocabulary. This guide breaks down essential terms by topic and offers memory tricks to help you recall definitions quickly and accurately. From atomic structure to organic chemistry, mastering terminology will boost both your comprehension and exam performance.
在Eduqas考试局的GCSE化学学习中，牢固掌握科学词汇至关重要。本指南按主题拆解基本术语，并提供记忆技巧，帮助你快速准确地回忆定义。从原子结构到有机化学，精通术语将提升你的理解能力和考试成绩。
1. Atomic Structure Essentials | 原子结构基础
The atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties. It consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells.
原子是保留元素化学性质的最小单位。它由包含质子和中子的原子核以及壳层中的电子组成。
ve charge, mass ≈1), neutron (neutral, mass ≈1), electron (negative charge, mass ≈1/1840).
关键亚原子粒子：质子（正电荷，质量≈1），中子（中性，质量≈1），电子（负电荷，质量≈1/1840）。
omic number (Z) = number of protons; Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons. Remember: Z for 'zahl' (German for number).
原子序数（Z）= 质子数；质量数（A）= 质子 + 中子。记住：Z源自德语“Zahl”（数字）。
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have identical chemical properties but different physical properties.
同位素是同一元素的中子数不同的原子。它们化学性质相同，但物理性质不同。
Mnemonic: "Proton Positive, Neutron Neutral, Electron Negative" – alliterations help.
记忆术：质子正，中子中，电子负 – 押头韵有帮助。
2. Bonding Basics | 化学键基础
Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals, where electrons are transferred to form oppositely charged ions held by electrostatic attraction.
离子键发生在金属和非金属之间，电子转移形成带相反电荷的离子，通过静电引力结合。
Covalent bonding takes place between non-metal atoms that share electron pairs to achieve a full outer shell.
共价键发生在非金属原子之间，它们共享电子对以达到满外层。
Metallic bonding consists of positive metal ions surrounded by a 'sea' of delocalised electrons, allowing metals to conduct electricity.
金属键由正金属离子被离域电子“海洋”包围构成，使金属可以导电。
Giant structures vs. simple molecular: giant ionic lattices have high melting points; simple molecular substances like water have low melting points.
巨型结构与简单分子：巨型离子晶格熔点高；简单分子物质如水熔点低。
3. Reaction Types and Equations | 反应类型与方程式
A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances. Reactants are on the left side of the equation, products on the right.
化学反应涉及原子重新排列形成新物质。反应物在方程式左边，产物在右边。
The law of conservation of mass states that total mass of reactants equals total mass of products; equations must be balanced.
质量守恒定律指出反应物的总质量等于产物的总质量；方程式必须配平。
omposition (AB → A+B), displacement (A+BC → AC+B), and combustion (fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O).
常见反应类型：化合（A+B → AB）、分解（AB → A+B）、置换（A+BC → AC+B）和燃烧（燃料 + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O）。
State symbols: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water). Remember 'slig' – not a common word, but imagine a 'slug' to recall the order.
状态符号：(s)固体，(l)液体，(g)气体，(aq)水溶液。记住"slig"，想象成鼻涕虫(slug)易记。
4. Acids, Bases and pH | 酸、碱与pH
An acid is a substance that releases H⁺ ions when dissolved in water. Alkalis release OH⁻ ions and are soluble bases.
酸是溶于水时释放H⁺离子的物质。碱释放OH⁻离子，是可溶的碱（alkali）。
The pH scale ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), with 7 being neutral. Universal indicator shows a colour spectrum.
pH标度范围从0（强酸性）到14（强碱性），7为中性。通用指示剂显示色谱。
Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water. A typical equation: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.
中和反应：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。典型方程式：HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O。
Strong acids fully dissociate in water (e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄), while weak acids partly dissociate (e.g. ethanoic acid).
强酸在水中完全解离（如HCl、H₂SO₄），弱酸部分解离（如乙酸）。
5. The Periodic Table Language | 周期表语言
Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Periods are horizontal rows; groups are vertical columns.
元素按原子序数递增排列。周期是横排；族是纵列。
Group 1: alkali metals – highly reactive, soft, stored under oil; Group 7: halogens – reactive non-metals; Group 0/8: noble gases – unreactive.
第1族：碱金属 – 高度活泼，质软，储存在油中；第7族：卤素 – 活泼非金属；第0/8族：惰性气体 – 不活泼。
Trends: reactivity increases down Group 1, decreases down Group 7. Remember: 'Alkali reactivity rises, Halogen reactivity drops'
趋势：第1族往下活泼性增强，第7族往下活泼性减弱。记住：碱金属活泼性上升，卤素活泼性下降。
Transition metals are typical metals, often form coloured compounds, and can be used as catalysts.
过渡金属是典型金属，常形成有色化合物，可用作催化剂。
6. Quantitative Chemistry Terms | 定量化学术语
Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) is the average mass of an atom compared to 1/12 the mass of carbon-12. Relative formula mass (Mᵣ) is sum of Aᵣ for a compound.
相对原子质量(Aᵣ)是原子平均质量与碳-12质量的1/12相比。相对式量(Mᵣ)是化合物中Aᵣ的总和。
A mole is the amount of substance containing 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's constant). Number of moles = mass (g) / molar mass (g/mol).
摩尔是包含6.02 × 10²³个粒子的物质的量（阿伏伽德罗常数）。摩尔数 = 质量(g) / 摩尔质量(g/mol)。
mol/dm³) = number of moles / volume (dm³). You can also use g/dm³ for mass concentration.
浓度（mol/dm³）= 摩尔数 / 体积（dm³）。也可用g/dm³表示质量浓度。
l yield) × 100. Atom economy = (Mᵣ of desired product / sum of Mᵣ of all reactants) × 100.
产率和原子经济：百分产率 = （实际产量 / 理论产量）× 100。原子经济性 = （所需产物的Mᵣ / 所有反应物的Mᵣ总和）× 100。
7. Energy Changes and Rate | 能量变化与速率
Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings, usually causing temperature rise. Examples: combustion, neutralisation. Endothermic reactions absorb energy, e.g. thermal decomposition.
放热反应将能量传递给周围，通常导致温度升高。例：燃烧、中和。吸热反应吸收能量，如热分解。
Activation energy (Eₐ) is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur. Catalysts lower Eₐ, speeding up reactions without being used up.
活化能(Eₐ)是反应发生所需的最小能量。催化剂降低Eₐ，加速反应而自身不被消耗。
Reaction rate factors: temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts. Collision theory explains that particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation.
反应速率因素：温度、浓度、表面积和催化剂。碰撞理论解释粒子必须足够能量且取向正确碰撞。
is endothermic; bond making is exothermic. Overall energy change = energy of bonds broken – energy of bonds formed.
断键吸热；成键放热。总能量变化 = 断键吸收能量 – 成键释放能量。
8. Organic Chemistry Starter Terms | 有机化学入门术语
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-based compounds. A homologous series is a family of compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties, and a general formula.
有机化学研究碳基化合物。同系物是具有相同官能团、相似化学性质和通式的一系列化合物。
general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. Alkenes: unsaturated with C=C double bond, general formula CₙH₂ₙ.
烷烃：饱和碳氢化合物，通式CₙH₂ₙ₊₂。烯烃：不饱和，含C=C双键，通式CₙH₂ₙ。
Functional groups: alcohols (-OH), carboxylic acids (-COOH). Methanol, ethanol are common alcohols. Ethanoic acid is in vinegar.
官能团：醇(-OH)，羧酸(-COOH)。甲醇、乙醇是常见醇。乙酸是醋的主要成分。
Cracking
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