📚 Year 10 Eduqas Physics: Key Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | 10年级Eduqas物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics means speaking the language of science fluently. This guide breaks down the essential Eduqas Year 10 terms into bite-sized, memory-friendly explanations. Each term is paired with a quick meaning in clear English, followed by a Chinese translation, helping you build confidence whether you're revising in one language or bridging between two. Use these cards to test yourself, strengthen definitions, and connect concepts to equations.
掌握物理意味着能流利地使用科学的语言。这本指南将Eduqas 10年级的核心术语拆解成容易记忆的小块。每个术语都配有简洁的英文释义和对应的中文翻译，无论你是在用哪一种语言复习，或是在双语间建立桥梁，都能帮你树立信心。你可以用这些词条来自测、巩固定义，并把概念和公式联系起来。
1. Scalars and Vectors | 标量与矢量
A scalar quantity has magnitude (size) only. It tells you 'how much' but says nothing about direction. Examples: mass, temperature, time, speed, distance, energy.
标量仅有大小，没有方向。它只告诉你“多少”，而不涉及方向。例如：质量、温度、时间、速率、路程、能量。
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. Vectors are essential whenever direction matters. Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum. Vectors are often drawn as arrows: length represents magnitude, and the arrowhead shows direction.
矢量既有大小又有方向。只要方向很重要，就离不开矢量。例如：位移、速度、加速度、力、动量。矢量通常用箭头表示：长度代表大小，箭头指示方向。
2. Speed and Velocity | 速率与速度
Typical units are metres per second (m/s). A car moving at 20 m/s tells you nothing about where it is heading.
速率是物体移动距离的快慢。它是标量，计算公式为：速率 = 路程 ÷ 时间。常用单位是米/秒（m/s）。一辆车以 20 m/s 的速率行驶，并不说明它朝哪个方向去。
Velocity is speed in a particular direction. It is a vector. For example, 5 m/s due east. If an object turns a corner at constant speed, its velocity changes because the direction changes. In physics, acceleration includes changes in velocity, not just speed.
速度是带方向的速率，是矢量。例如：正东方向 5 m/s。如果一个物体以恒定速率转弯，由于方向改变，速度也就改变了。在物理中，加速度包括速度的变化，而不仅仅是速率的变化。
3. Acceleration | 加速度
ere v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, and t is time taken. The unit is metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度定义为速度的变化率，是矢量。公式为 a = (v - u) / t，其中 v 是末速度，u 是初速度，t 是时间。单位为米每二次方秒（m/s²）。
Negative acceleration (often called deceleration) means an object is slowing down. Remember, any change in speed or direction results in acceleration.
负加速度（常称减速）意味着物体正在变慢。记住，任何速率或方向的改变都会产生加速度。
4. Force and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
A force is a push or a pull acting on an object due to an interaction with another object. It is measured in newtons (N). Forces can change the shape, speed or direction of an object.
力是由于物体间的相互作用而产生的推或拉，单位是牛顿（N）。力可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向。
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia): An object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion.
牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）：除非受到合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。惯性就是物体抵抗运动状态改变的性质。
Newton' tly proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass: F = m × a.
牛顿第二定律：物体的加速度与所受合力成正比，与质量成反比：F = m × a。
Newton's Third Law: When two objects interact, they exert forces on each other that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Action and reaction never cancel out because they act on different bodies.
牛顿第三定律：两物体相互作用时，彼此施加的力大小相等、方向相反。作用力与反作用力永远不会抵消，因为它们作用在不同的物体上。
5. Energy Forms and the Law of Conservation | 能量形式与守恒定律
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J). It comes in many stores: kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, thermal (internal) energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, and magnetic energy.
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳（J）。能量有多种储存形式：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能（内能）、化学能、核能、磁能。
The Principle of Conservation of Energy: Energy can be stored, transferred usefully, or dissipated (wasted), but the total energy in a closed system remains constant. You cannot create or destroy energy.
能量守恒定律：能量可以被储存、有用转移或耗散（浪费），但在一个封闭系统中总能量始终保持不变。能量既不能创造也不能消灭。
Key equations: Kinetic Energy: Eₖ = ½ m v² Gravitational Potential Energy: Ep = m g h, where g ≈ 9.8 N/kg on Earth.
核心公式： 动能：Eₖ = ½ m v² 重力势能：Ep = m g h，其中地球表面 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。
6. Work Done and Power | 做功与功率
of the force. (W = F d). 1 joule is the work done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m.
当一个力使物体移动时，力做了功。做功的大小 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离（W = F d）。1 焦耳就是 1 N 的力使物体移动 1 m 所做的功。
is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s. A 60 W bulb transfers 60 joules of energy each second.
功率指做功或能量转移的速率。功率 = 做功 ÷ 时间，或 P = E / t。单位是瓦特（W），1 W = 1 J/s。一个 60 W 的灯泡每秒转移 60 焦耳的能量。
To remember: Power tells you how fast energy is converted, not how much total energy is stored.
要记住：功率告诉你能量转化的快慢，而不是储存了多少总能量。
7. Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电流、电压与电阻
of moving electrons. One ampere is a flow of one coulomb of charge per second: I = Q / t.
电流是电荷的流动，单位是安培（A）。在金属导线中，它是电子的定向运动。1 安培表示每秒流过 1 库仑的电荷：I = Q / t。
Voltage (potential difference) is the energy transferred per unit charge. It is measured in volts (V). 1 volt means 1 joule of energy is given to each coulomb of charge. Voltage can be thought of as the 'push' that drives charge around a circuit.
电压（电势差）是单位电荷转移的能量，单位是伏特（V）。1 伏表示每库仑电荷获得 1 焦耳能量。电压可以想象成驱动电荷在电路中运动的“推力”。
Resistance opposes the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm' fixed resistor, doubling the voltage doubles the current provided temperature is constant.
电阻阻碍电流，单位是欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律将它们联系起来：V = I × R。对于固定电阻，若温度不变，电压加倍则电流也加倍。
8. Series and Parallel Circuits | 串联与并联电路
In a series circuit, components are connected in a single loop. The current is the same everywhere. The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ... . If one component breaks, the circuit is broken.
在串联电路中，元件连接成单一回路。电流处处相等。总电阻等于各电阻之和：Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + ... 。如果一个元件断开，整个电路就断了。
In a parallel circuit, components are connected on separate branches. The voltage across each branch is the same as the supply voltage. The total current is the sum of the branch currents. Total resistance decreases as more branches are added: 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... .
在并联电路中，元件连接在不同的支路上。各支路电压相等，等于电源电压。总电流等于各支路电流之和。并联的支路越多，总电阻越小：1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... 。
9. Wave Properties | 波的基本性质
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. There are two main categories: transverse and longitudinal.
波传递能量而不传递物质。主要分为两类：横波和纵波。
Transverse waves: Particle oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy travel. Examples: light, water ripples, all electromagnetic waves. Features include crests (peaks) and troughs.
横波：质点的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直。例如：光、水波纹、所有电磁波。特征包括波峰和波谷。
Longitudinal waves: Particle oscillations are parallel to the energy travel. Sound and seismic P-waves are longitudinal. They have compressions (squashed regions) and rarefactions (stretched regions).
纵波：质点振动方向与能量传播方向平行。声波和地震纵波是纵波。它们有密部（压缩区）和疏部（拉伸区）。
Key vocabulary: Amplitude (maximum displacement from the rest position), wavelength λ (distance between two successive crests), frequency f (number of complete waves per second, in hertz, Hz).
关键词汇：振幅（偏离平衡位置的最大距离）、波长 λ（相邻两波峰之间的距离）、频率 f（每秒完整波的个数，单位是赫兹 Hz）。
10. Frequency, Wavelength and the Wave Equation | 频率、波长与波速方程
gth λ: v = f × λ. Wave speed depends on the medium; frequency is determined by the source.
波动方程将波速 v、频率 f 和波长 λ 联系起来：v = f × λ。波速取决于介质，频率由波源决定。
ts unit is seconds. For example, if a wave has a frequency of 50 Hz, its period is 0.02 s.
周期 T 是一次全振动所需的时间：T = 1/f，单位是秒。例如，频率为 50 Hz 的波，周期为 0.02 秒。
When waves change medium, frequency stays the same, but speed and wavelength change. This causes refraction. Water waves approaching a beach slow down and their wavelength shortens.
波在不同介质间传播时，频率保持不变，但波速和波长改变，产生折射。冲向海滩的水波会减速，波长变短。
11. Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
t the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 10⁸ m/s). They differ in wavelength and frequency.
电磁波谱是一系列横波，在真空中均以光速（3.0 × 10⁸ m/s）传播。它们只是波长和频率不同。
Order from longest wavelength (lowest frequency) to shortest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays. To recall: 'Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns'.
按波长从长到短（频率从低到高）排列：无线电波、微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线、X 射线、伽马射线。记忆口诀：“Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns”。
All EM waves share common properties: they can travel through a vacuum, they transfer energy, and they can be reflected and refracted. Their uses vary with penetration and energy: radio waves for communication, microwaves for cooking, infrared for thermal
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