📚 Year 10 Eduqas Physics: Quick Reference Formula & Theorem Handbook | Year 10 Eduqas 物理：公式定理速查手册
This handbook brings together every essential formula, principle and theorem you will encounter in the Year 10 Eduqas Physics course. Use it to check definitions, practise calculations and build confidence for your assessments. Each section pairs concise English explanations with clear Chinese translations, and all equations are written using standard notation so you can memorise them easily.
本手册汇集了你在 Year 10 Eduqas 物理课程中会遇到的所有重要公式、原理和定理。可以用它来核对定义、练习计算，并为测评建立信心。每一个小节都配备了简洁的英文说明和对应的中文翻译，所有方程均使用标准记号，让你能够轻松记忆。
1. Kinematics Equations | 运动学方程
When an object moves with constant acceleration in a straight line, the four SUVAT equations link displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a) and time (t). You must be able to select the correct equation based on the information given in a problem.
当物体沿直线做匀加速运动时，四个 SUVAT 方程关联了位移(s)、初速度(u)、末速度(v)、加速度(a)和时间(t)。你必须能根据题目所给的信息选择正确的方程。
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
s = ½(u + v)t
v² = u² + 2as
The table below summarises the meaning and standard units of each symbol. Remember that s represents displacement, not total distance, so direction matters.
下表总结了每个符号的含义和标准单位。请记住 s 代表位移而非总路程，因此方向至关重要。
| Symbol | Meaning / 含义 | SI Unit / 国际单位 |
|---|---|---|
| s | displacement / 位移 | metre (m) |
| u | initial velocity / 初速度 | m/s |
| v | final velocity / 末速度 | m/s |
| a | acceleration / 加速度 | m/s² |
| t | time / 时间 | second (s) |
For free fall near the Earth' roximately 9.8 m/s². In exam questions you may be asked to use g = 10 m/s² for simplicity.
对于地球表面附近的自由落体，加速度 a 用引力场强度 g 代替，约为 9.8 m/s²。考题中可能要求简化使用 g = 10 m/s²。
2. Newton's Second Law & Force | 牛顿第二定律与力
Newton's Second Law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The equation is fundamental for solving dynamics problems.
牛顿第二定律指出，物体的加速度与作用在其上的合外力成正比，与物体的质量成反比。这个方程是解决动力学问题的基础。
F = m a
Here F is the resultant force in newtons (N), m is the mass in kilograms (kg), and a is the acceleration measured in m/s². Both force and acceleration are vector quantities, so direction must be accounted for in calculations.
这里 F 是合外力，单位为牛顿 (N)；m 是质量，单位为千克 (kg)；a 是加速度，单位为 m/s²。力和加速度都是矢量，因此在计算中必须考虑方向。
3. Weight and Gravitational Field Strength | 重量与引力场强度
Weight is the force exerted on a mass due to gravity. It should not be confused with mass, which measures the amount of matter. The weight of an object depends on the gravitational field strength at its location.
重量是由于引力作用在质量上的力。它不应与衡量物质多少的质量相混淆。物体的重量取决于所在位置的引力场强度。
W = m g
8 N/kg, and on the Moon it is only about 1.6 N/kg, so the same mass weighs much less on the Moon.
W 为重量，单位牛顿 (N)；m 为质量，单位千克 (kg)；g 为引力场强度。地球上 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg，而月球上仅约 1.6 N/kg，因此相同的质量在月球上轻得多。
4. Energy, Work & Power | 能量、功和功率
Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of the force. Energy can exist in different stores, and two key mechanical stores are kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done.
当力使物体沿力的方向移动时，便做了功。能量可以存在于不同的储存形式中，其中两个关键的力学储存是动能和重力势能。功率是能量转移或做功的速率。
W = F d
KE = ½ m v²
GPE = m g h
P = W / t = E / t
In these equations, d is the distance moved in the direction of the force (m), KE is kinetic energy (J), GPE is gravitational potential energy (J), h is the change in height (m), and P is power in watts (W). Power can also be calculated by dividing energy transferred by time.
在这些方程中，d 是沿力的方向移动的距离 (m)，KE 是动能 (J)，GPE 是重力势能 (J)，h 是高度变化 (m)，P 是功率，单位为瓦特 (W)。功率也可用转移的能量除以时间来计算。
5. Efficiency & Energy Transfer | 效率与能量传递
No device can convert all the input energy into useful output energy. Efficiency tells us what fraction of the input becomes useful output, and it is often expressed as a percentage. The same principle applies when using power values.
没有任何设备能将所有输入能量转化为有用的输出能量。效率告诉我们输入能量有多大比例转化为有用输出，通常表示为百分数。使用功率值时原理相同。
Efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%
Efficiency can also be written as a decimal between 0 and 1. A Sankey diagram is used to illustrate energy transfers, with the width of arrows proportional to the amount of energy.
效率也可以用0到1之间的小数表示。桑基图用于展示能量传递过程，其中箭头的宽度与能量大小成比例。
6. Ohm's Law & Electrical Resistance | 欧姆定律与电阻
Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a resistor at constant temperature is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. This relationship defines resistance.
欧姆定律指出，在恒定温度下，流过电阻的电流与其两端的电势差成正比。这一关系定义了电阻。
V = I R
Here V is the potential difference in volts (V), I is the current in amperes (A), and R is the resistance in ohms (Ω). Components that obey Ohm's Law are called ohmic conductors; their current–voltage graph is a straight line through the origin.
这里 V 是电势差，单位为伏特 (V)；I 是电流，单位为安培 (A)；R 是电阻，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。遵守欧姆定律的元件称为欧姆导体；其电流-电压图为一条过原点的直线。
7. Resistors in Series & Parallel | 电阻的串并联
When resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. In parallel, the total resistance is found using the reciprocal formula, and the combined resistance is always smaller than the smallest individual resistor.
当电阻串联时，总电阻等于各个电阻之和。并联时，总电阻由倒数公式求得，并且总电阻总是小于最小的分电阻。
Series: Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + …
Parallel: 1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
For two parallel resistors, you can use Rₜ = (R₁ × R₂) / (R₁ + R₂). The subscript 't' for total resistance. Make sure you can rearrange these equations to find a missing value.
对于两个并联电阻，你可以使用 Rₜ = (R₁ × R₂) / (R₁ + R₂)。下标 't' 代表总电阻。务必确保自己能够灵活变换公式来求解未知量。
8. Electrical Power & Charge | 电功率与电荷
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a circuit. Together with the definition of electric current, these equations allow you to calculate energy transferred and the amount of charge flowing.
电功率是电路传输电能的速率。结合电流的定义，这些方程可以帮助你计算转移的能量和流过的电荷量。
P = I V
P = I² R
E = P t = I V t
Q = I t
P is power (W), I is current (A), V is voltage (V), E is energy (J), t is time (s) and Q is electric charge in coulombs (C). The second equation is particularly useful when you know the resistance and current.
P 为功率 (W)，I 为电流 (A)，V 为电压 (V)，E 为能量 (J)，t 为时间 (s)，Q 为电荷量，单位为库仑 (C)。第二个公式在已知电阻和电流时尤为实用。
9. Wave Equation | 波动方程
All waves obey the wave equation that links wave speed, frequency and wavelength. The period of a wave is the time taken for one complete oscillation and is the reciprocal of the frequency.
所有波都遵循波动方程，该方程将波速、频率和波长联系起来。波的周期是一次完整振动所需的时间，是频率的倒数。
v = f λ
T = 1 / f
Here v is the wave speed (m/s), f is the frequency in hertz (Hz), λ is the wavelength in metres (m), and T is the period in seconds (s). The equation applies to both transverse and longitudinal waves, including sound and water waves.
这里 v 是波速 (m/s)，f 是频率，单位为赫兹 (Hz)，λ 是波长 (m)，T 是周期 (s)。该方程对横波和纵波均适用，包括声波和水波。
10. Density & Pressure | 密度与压强
Density describes how much mass is packed into a given volume. Pressure measures the force acting per unit area. In a liquid, pressure increases with depth, and can be calculated if the density of the liquid and the depth are known.
密度描述单位体积内包含的质量。压强衡量单位面积上所受的力。在液体中，压强随深度增加，若已知液体密度和深度即可计算。
ρ = m / V
P = F / A
P = h ρ g
ρ is density (kg/m³), m is mass (kg), V is volume (m³). P is pressure in pascals (Pa), F is force (N), A is area (m²), h is depth (m) and g is the gravitational field strength. A common exam example is calculating pressure at the bottom of a swimming pool.
ρ 为密度 (kg/m³)，m 为质量 (kg)，V 为体积 (m³)。P 为压强，单位帕斯卡 (Pa)，F 为力 (N)，A 为面积 (m²)，h 为深度 (m)，g 为引力场强度。常见的考题是计算游泳池底部的压强。
11. Moments & Equilibrium | 力矩与平衡
The turning effect of a force is called a moment. For an object to be in rotational equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about any pivot must equal the sum of the anticlockwise moments. This principle is used to analyse levers, seesaws and many everyday structures.
力所产生的转动效应称为力矩。为使物体处于转动平衡，对任意支点而言，所有顺时针力矩之和必须等于所有逆时针力矩之和。这一原理被用来分析杠杆、跷跷板以及许多日常结构。
M = F d
Σ clockwise moments = Σ anticlockwise moments
M is the moment in newton-metres (N m), F is the force (N), and d is the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force (m). Always measure d at right angles to the force direction.
M 为力矩，单位牛顿·米 (N m)；F 为力 (N)；d 为从支点到力作用线的垂直距离 (m)。始终确保沿垂直于力方向的连线测量 d。
12. Hooke's Law & Springs | 胡克定律与弹簧
Hooke's Law describes the behaviour of springs and many elastic objects when they are not stretched beyond their elastic limit. The extension is directly proportional to the applied force up to the limit of proportionality.
胡克定律描述了弹簧和许多弹性物体在未超过弹性极限时的行为。在比例极限之内，伸长量与施加的力成正比。
F = k x
F is the force applied (N), k is the spring constant (N/m), and x is the extension (m). The spring constant tells you how stiff the spring is: a higher k requires more force to stretch the spring by the same amount. Beyond the elastic limit the spring is permanently deformed.
F 为施加的力 (N)，k 为弹簧常数 (N/m)，x 为伸长量 (m)。弹簧常数表明弹簧的劲度：k 越大，需用更大的力才能产生相同伸长量。超过弹性极限后，弹簧会发生永久变形。
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