📚 Year 10 WJEC Engineering: Key Terminology Quick Study Guide | WJEC GCSE 工程核心术语速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is essential for success in the WJEC GCSE Engineering course. This quick study guide provides bilingual definitions of core terms across design, materials, manufacturing, electronics, mechanics, energy, quality, and safety. Use these concise explanations to strengthen your revision and technical vocabulary.
掌握工程术语对于WJEC GCSE工程课程的成功至关重要。本速记指南提供了涵盖设计、材料、制造、电子、力学、能源、质量与安全等领域的核心词条双语定义。使用这些简明解释来强化你的复习和专业词汇。
1. Engineering Design Process & Brief | 工程设计过程与纲要
Design Brief: A clear, concise document outlining the problem, design goals, target users, and constraints.
设计纲要：一份清晰简洁的文件，概述问题、设计目标、目标用户和约束条件。
Specification: A detailed list of technical and performance requirements a product must meet.
规格说明：产品必须满足的详细技术和性能要求列表。
Iterative Design: A cyclical approach of prototyping, testing, evaluating, and refining a design repeatedly.
迭代设计：反复进行原型制作、测试、评估和改进设计的循环方法。
Target Audience: The specific group of people for whom a product is intended, influencing design decisions.
目标受众：产品所针对的特定人群，影响设计决策。
Feasibility Study: An assessment of whether a design is practical, cost-effective, and technically possible.
可行性研究：评估设计是否切实可行、具有成本效益且技术可行的过程。
2. Materials Properties | 材料性能
Hardness: The resistance of a material to indentation, scratching, or wear.
硬度：材料抵抗压痕、刮擦或磨损的能力。
Toughness: The ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
韧性：吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。
Ductility: A measure of how much a material can be stretched into a wire without breaking.
延展性：衡量材料可被拉伸成线而不断裂的程度。
Malleability: The capacity to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets.
可锻性：可被轧制或锤击成薄片的能力。
Electrical Conductivity: The degree to which a material allows the flow of electric current.
导电性：材料允许电流通过的程度。
3. Metals and Alloys | 金属与合金
Ferrous Metal: A metal containing iron, typically magnetic and prone to rust (e.g. mild steel).
黑色金属：含铁金属，通常有磁性且易生锈（如低碳钢）。
Non-ferrous Metal: Metals without iron, generally more resistant to corrosion (e.g. aluminium, copper).
有色金属：不含铁的金属，通常更耐腐蚀（如铝、铜）。
Alloy: A combination of a metal with other elements to enhance properties such as strength or corrosion resistance.
合金：金属与其他元素的混合物，以提高强度或耐腐蚀性等性能。
Stainless Steel: An alloy of iron with chromium (at least 10.5%) and nickel, highly resistant to rust.
不锈钢：铁与至少10.5%铬及镍的合金，高度防锈。
Heat Treatment: Controlled heating and cooling processes used to change a metal's microstructure and mechanical properties.
热处理：通过受控加热和冷却改变金属微观结构和力学性能的工艺。
4. Polymers and Composites | 聚合物与复合材料
Thermoplastic: A polymer that softens when heated and hardens upon cooling; can be repeatedly remoulded (e.g. acrylic).
热塑性塑料：加热时软化、冷却时硬化的聚合物，可反复重塑（如亚克力）。
Thermoset: A polymer that undergoes a chemical change forming a rigid structure; cannot be remoulded after setting (e.g. epoxy resin).
热固性塑料：经化学变化形成刚性结构的聚合物，固化后无法再塑形（如环氧树脂）。
Composite Material: Engineered from two or more materials with differing properties to achieve a combination superior to individual components (e.g. fibreglass).
复合材料：由两种或多种不同性质的材料组合而成，以获得优于单一组分的性能（如玻璃纤维）。
CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer): A composite with high strength-to-weight ratio, used in aerospace and sports equipment.
碳纤维增强聚合物：具有高强度重量比的复合材料，用于航空航天和运动器材。
Polymerisation: The chemical reaction in which small monomer molecules join to form long polymer chains.
聚合反应：小分子单体连接成长链聚合物的化学反应。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: Pouring or forcing liquid material into a mould and allowing it to solidify into the desired shape.
铸造：将液态材料浇入或注入模具，使其凝固成所需形状。
Injection Moulding: Melting plastic pellets and injecting them into a mould cavity under high pressure, commonly for mass production.
注塑成型：熔化塑料颗粒并在高压下注入模具型腔，常用于大规模生产。
CNC Machining: Computer Numerical Control; automated removal of material using programmed cutting tools to achieve precise dimensions.
数控加工：计算机数字控制，使用编程刀具自动去除材料以达到精确尺寸。
Welding: A permanent joining process that fuses metal parts by melting the interfaces, often with a filler material.
焊接：通过熔化接合面（常添加填充材料）实现金属部件永久连接的工艺。
3D Printing: Additive manufacturing that builds parts layer by layer from a digital model, using materials like plastic or metal.
3D打印：从数字模型逐层构建零件的增材制造工艺，可使用塑料或金属等材料。
6. Electronics Fundamentals | 电子基础
Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference that pushes current around a circuit, measured in volts (V).
电压：推动电流沿电路流动的电位差，单位为伏特（V）。
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
电流：电荷的流动速率，单位为安培（A）。
Resistance (R): The opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻：对电流的阻碍作用，单位为欧姆（Ω）。
Ohm's Law : The fundamental relationship V = I × R, linking voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.
欧姆定律：基本关系 V = I × R，关联电路中的电压、电流和电阻。
PCB (Printed Circuit Board): A board that mechanically supports and electrically connects components using conductive copper tracks.
印刷电路板：通过导电铜轨道机械支撑并电气连接元件的基板。
7. Mechanical Components | 机械部件
Gear: A toothed wheel that meshes with another to transmit torque and change rotational speed or direction.
齿轮：带齿的轮子，相互啮合以传递扭矩并改变转速或方向。
Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoting on a fulcrum to amplify input force.
杠杆：一种围绕支点转动的刚性杆，用于放大输入力。
Pulley: A grooved wheel used with a belt or rope to redirect force and provide mechanical advantage.
滑轮：带槽的轮子，与皮带或绳索配合以改变力的方向并提供机械效益。
Bearing: A mechanical component that supports rotating shafts and reduces friction between moving parts.
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