📚 Year 10 WJEC PE: A Rapid Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 10 WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your one-stop revision companion for mastering the official terminology of the Year 10 WJEC Physical Education specification. This guide not only explains every key term you need to know but also provides ready-made mnemonics, acronyms and visual hooks that will lock the words into your long-term memory. Before you know it, you will be using cardiac output, plane of movement and plyometrics with total confidence in your written exam and practical analysis.
欢迎使用这本专为 Year 10 WJEC 体育课程量身定制的术语速记手册。我们不仅逐一解释你必须掌握的核心词汇，还准备了现成的口诀、缩略词与图像记忆法，帮助你把难记的名词刻进长期记忆。很快你就能在笔试和实践分析中自信地写出心输出量、运动平面和增强式训练等专业术语。
1. Skeletal System Landmarks and Acronyms | 骨骼系统标识与缩略语
The vertebral column is split into five regions. From top to bottom they are: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx. Recall the order with the classic mnemonic 'Can The Leopard Sit Comfortably?' — each first letter matches a region perfectly.
脊柱分为五个区域，由顶至底依次为：颈椎、胸椎、腰椎、骶骨、尾骨。记住顺序可以借用经典口诀“Can The Leopard Sit Comfortably?”，每个单词的首字母与区域英文首字母一一对应。
When labelling the skeleton, focus on these core bones: cranium, clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges (fingers), pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges (toes). Build a silly rhyme or story that links them in sequence — for example, 'Cranky Clara Scared Stiff Rabbits Hugely…'.
在标注骨骼图时，请熟记以下核心骨骼：颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、胸骨、肋骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、腕骨、掌骨、指骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨、跗骨、跖骨、趾骨。试着编一首荒诞的顺口溜或小故事按顺序串联它们，比如“颅骨锁骨肩胛骨，胸骨肋骨肱骨连……”。
Joint types appear repeatedly in WJEC questions. The ball-and-socket joint (shoulder, hip) allows movement in all directions, while the hinge joint (knee, elbow) only permits flexion and extension. Visualise a door hinge to lock in the analogy.
关节类型在 WJEC 考题中反复出现。球窝关节（肩、髋）允许全方位运动，而屈戌关节（膝、肘）只能做屈伸。联想一下门上的合页，就能牢牢记住 hinge joint 的特点。
2. Muscular System: Types, Pairs and Contractions | 肌肉系统：类型、拮抗对与收缩形式
The three muscle types are cardiac, smooth and skeletal. Use the quirky phrase 'Cats Sit Still' — Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal — to recall all three under pressure.
人体有三种肌肉类型：心肌、平滑肌和骨骼肌。用古怪的短语“Cats Sit Still”（猫静坐）就能瞬间提取 Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal 三个单词。
All skeletal muscles work in antagonistic pairs. For the elbow, the biceps contracts to flex the arm while the triceps relaxes, and the roles swap during extension. At the knee, quadriceps (agonist) and hamstrings (antagonist) share the work. Simply repeat 'Ago and Ant' — Agonist shortens, Antagonist lengthens.
所有骨骼肌都以拮抗对的形式工作。肘部屈曲时，肱二头肌收缩、肱三头肌放松；伸展时互换。膝关节处，股四头肌（主动肌）和腘绳肌（拮抗肌）互相配合。只需不断默念“Ago 短，Ant 长”——主动肌变短，拮抗肌拉长。
An isotonic contraction changes muscle length and moves a joint; it can be concentric (shortening) or eccentric (lengthening under control). An isometric contraction holds the joint still with no visible movement — think of the plank exercise. The 'iso-metric' prefix hints at 'same length', so picture a rigid ruler.
等张收缩改变肌肉长度并引起关节运动，可分为向心收缩（肌肉缩短）和离心收缩（受控拉长）。等长收缩则保持关节静止，外观无运动——想象平板支撑。前缀“iso-metric”暗示“长度相同”，可以想象一把纹丝不动的直尺。
3. Cardiovascular Terminology and the Q Formula | 心血管术语与心输出量公式
Heart rate (HR) is the number of beats per minute (bpm). Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat, measured in ml/beat. Cardiac output (Q) is the total blood pumped per minute (L/min). The relationship is expressed by the central equation:
心率（HR）指每分钟心跳次数（bpm）。每搏输出量（SV）是左心室每次搏动射出的血量，单位为毫升/搏。心输出量（Q）是每分钟泵出的血液总量（升/分钟）。三者关系可表达为核心方程式：
Q = SV × HR
心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率
To memorise the formula, imagine a Queen (Q) who loves Silver Vans (SV) and Hot Rods (HR). Every time you see Q, link it to those two belongings. Also, a trained athlete has a larger stroke volume and a lower resting heart rate because their heart is more efficient.
为了牢记公式，可以想象一位女王（Q）酷爱银色面包车（SV）和改装跑车（HR）。每次看到 Q，就把她和这两样宝贝拴在一起。此外，受过训练的运动员每搏输出量更大、安静心率更低，因为心脏效率更高。
Key blood vessels you must distinguish: arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins return blood to the heart, and capillaries are the microscopic exchange vessels. The acronym 'AVA — Arteries take Away, Veins get Vack' (with a playful 'V') helps spell it out.
必须区分的血管术语：动脉将血液带离心脏，静脉将血液送回心脏，毛细血管则是微小的物质交换通道。缩略口诀“AVA——Arteries Away, Veins Arrive（静脉抵达）”帮你轻松锁定区别。
4. Respiratory Volumes and Minute Ventilation | 呼吸容量与每分通气量
Tidal volume (TV) is the air inhaled or exhaled per normal breath (approx. 500 ml). Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum air exhaled after a maximum inhalation. Minute ventilation (VE) is the total air breathed in one minute. They connect through a straightforward formula:
潮气量（TV）是每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气量（约 500 毫升）。肺活量（VC）是最大深吸气后尽力呼出的最大气量。每分通气量（VE）是每分钟吸入或呼出的气体总量。它们的关系简明直观：
VE = TV × breathing frequency (f)
每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率
Picture a Television (TV) that shows a Film (f) to produce VE (Victory Experience). As soon as you see TV and f together, picture your 'victory experience' climbing with every deep breath.
可以脑补一台电视（TV）正在放映电影（f），二者合力制造胜利体验（VE）。只要你看到 TV 和 f 在一起，就想象每一次深呼吸都让你的“胜利体验”飙升。
Spirometer traces are a common data-interpretation question. Practise labelling tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity and residual volume on a trace. The residual volume can never be exhaled — call it 'the ghost air that always stays inside'.
肺活量计描记图是常见的数据分析考题。务必练习在曲线上标注潮气量、补吸气量、补呼气量、肺活量和余气量。余气量永远不会被呼出——把它称作“永远赖在肺里的幽灵空气”。
5. Principles of Training: SPORT, FITT and More | 训练原则：SPORT、FITT 及其他
WJEC expects you to apply SPORT and FITT in scenario-based answers. SPORT stands for Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility and Tedium (variation). Create a mental snapshot: 'Specific Penguins Overload Really Tasty fish'.
WJEC 要求你在情景题中灵活运用 SPORT 和 FITT 原则。SPORT 代表专项性、循序性、超负荷、可逆性和单调性（需变换）。可以定格一个脑画面：“挑剔的企鹅过度进食美味鱼”——首字母完美对应。
The FITT principle guides how to apply overload: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long) and Type (method of training). Link the four to 'Friday Is Tough Training' or 'Frogs In Tiny Trousers'. For intensity, remember you can measure it using heart rate, RPE (rating of perceived exertion) or %1RM for strength work.
FITT 原则指导如何施加超负荷：频率（多久一次）、强度（多大难度）、时间（持续多久）和类型（训练方法）。把四个词连成“Frogs In Tiny Trousers”（穿着小裤的青蛙）或“Friday Is Tough Training”就能记住。关于强度，可以用心率、主观疲劳感觉（RPE）或力量训练中的 %1RM（一次最大重复次数的百分比）来衡量。
Never forget to connect warm-up and cool-down to prevention of injury and DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness). A warm-up increases blood flow and muscle temperature; a cool-down helps remove lactic acid. Both are examined as extended-writing staples.
千万不要忘记将热身与整理活动和预防损伤及 DOMS（延迟性肌肉酸痛）联系起来。热身能增加血流量和肌肉温度；整理活动有助于清除乳酸。两者都是长篇论述题中的固定考点。
6. Components of Fitness: Health and Skill Related | 体能组成：健康相关与技能相关
Health-related fitness encompasses cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition. The initial letters C-M-M-F-B can be recalled with 'Can My Monkey Fly Backwards?' — it is silly enough to stick.
健康相关体能包括心血管耐力、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性和身体成分。首字母 C-M-M-F-B 可以用“Can My Monkey Fly Backwards?”（我的猴子能倒飞吗）这个荒谬画面来强化记忆。
Skill-related fitness is often summarised as A, B, C, P, R, S — Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time and Speed. Use the phrase 'A Big Cheetah Purrs Really Softly' or 'A Bold Cat Plays Rugby Superbly' to keep the six in the correct WJEC order.
技能相关体能常被归纳为 A、B、C、P、R、S——灵敏性、平衡能力、协调能力、爆发力、反应时间和速度。用“A Big Cheetah Purrs Really Softly”（大猎豹轻轻咕噜）或“A Bold Cat Plays Rugby Superbly”帮助你把六个词按 WJEC 常用顺序排好。
Make a comparison table in your notes: health-related affects daily life and overall well-being, while skill-related influences sports performance. For any extended question, underline whether the sport demands health or skill components — or both.
在笔记中制作对比表格：健康相关体能影响日常生活和整体健康水平，技能相关体能与运动表现直接挂钩。面对长篇问题时，先划出该运动主要需要健康还是技能相关体能，或者两者兼具。
7. Methods of Training: Glossary of Key Terms | 训练方法：关键词汇表
Continuous training involves steady-state exercise without rest (e.g. jogging, cycling) and predominantly develops cardiovascular endurance. This
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