📚 Year 10 WJEC Music: Quick Guide to Memorising Vocabulary & Terminology | Year 10 WJEC 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
This guide covers the essential musical vocabulary and terminology required for the Year 10 WJEC Music syllabus. Understanding these terms is crucial for listening exams, performance analysis, and composition tasks. Each section pairs an English explanation with its Chinese equivalent to help you build a strong bilingual musical vocabulary.
本指南涵盖了 Year 10 WJEC 音乐大纲所要求的核心音乐词汇与术语。掌握这些术语对听力考试、演奏分析和作曲任务至关重要。每个部分都配有英文解释及其中文对应说法，帮助大家打造扎实的双语音乐词汇。
1. Dynamics | 力度术语
Dynamics indicate the volume of music. The most common Italian terms include pianissimo (pp) for very soft, piano (p) for soft, mezzo piano (mp) for moderately soft, mezzo forte (mf) for moderately loud, forte (f) for loud, and fortissimo (ff) for very loud. Gradual changes are crescendo (cresc.) meaning getting louder, and diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo (decresc.) meaning getting softer. In a score, these may be written as words or as hairpin symbols (< and >).
力度指示音乐的音量。最常见的意大利术语有：pianissimo (pp) 极弱、piano (p) 弱、mezzo piano (mp) 中弱、mezzo forte (mf) 中强、forte (f) 强，以及 fortissimo (ff) 极强。渐变力度包括 crescendo (cresc.) 渐强，和 diminuendo (dim.) 或 decrescendo (decresc.) 渐弱。在乐谱上，它们可能以单词或渐强渐弱符号（< 和 >）出现。
2. Tempo | 速度术语
Tempo marks tell the performer how fast or slow a piece should be played. Slow tempos include largo (very slow and broad), adagio (slow and stately), and lento (slow). Medium tempos are andante (walking pace), moderato (moderate speed), and allegretto (fairly fast). Fast tempos are allegro (fast and lively), vivace (lively and brisk), and presto (very fast). Terms for tempo change include accelerando (accel.) – gradually getting faster, and ritardando (rit.) or rallentando (rall.) – gradually getting slower. A tempo means returning to the original speed after a change.
速度记号告诉演奏者乐曲应当演奏得多快或多慢。慢速术语有 largo（非常缓慢而宽广）、adagio（缓慢而庄严）和 lento（慢）。中速术语包括 andante（行板，步行速度）、moderato（中速）、allegretto（稍快）。快速术语有 allegro（快板，快速活泼）、vivace（活泼的快板）和 presto（急板）。速度变化的术语有：accelerando (accel.) 渐快，ritardando (rit.) 或 rallentando (rall.) 渐慢。A tempo 表示在变化后回到原速。
3. Articulation | 演奏法术语
Articulation describes how individual notes are played or sung. Legato means smooth and connected, often indicated by a slur. Staccato (marked with a dot above or below the note) means short and detached. Tenuto (a short line) means held for its full value, slightly stressed. Accent (>) means the note is played with extra force. Marcato (a vertical wedge) is a strong, marked accent. Sforzando (sfz) is a sudden, strong accent on a single note or chord. For string players, pizzicato (pizz.) means plucked strings, while arco means with the bow.
演奏法描述单个音符如何演奏或演唱。Legato 连奏，意为平滑连接，常用连线表示。Staccato 断奏（音符上方或下方加点）意为短促而分离。Tenuto 保持（短横线）表示充分保持时值，稍加强调。Accent 重音（>）表示该音奏得更重。Marcato 强奏（垂直楔形）是强烈的重音。Sforzando (sfz) 突强，指单个音或和弦上骤然的强奏。对弦乐手而言，pizzicato (pizz.) 是拨弦，而 arco 是用弓拉奏。
4. Expression and Mood | 表情与情绪
Expression marks guide performers in interpreting the character of the music. Dolce means sweetly, espressivo (espr.) means expressively, and cantabile means in a singing style. Maestoso suggests majestic, grand playing, while agitato means agitated and restless. Con anima means with life and spirit, con brio with vigour, and con fuoco with fire. Grave indicates a very slow and solemn mood. Rubato means flexible tempo for expressive effect, where the performer 'steals' a little time from some notes and gives it to others. Understanding these words helps you describe mood accurately in the listening exam.
表情记号引导演奏者诠释音乐的性格。Dolce 意为甜美地，espressivo (espr.) 富有表情地，cantabile 如歌的。 Maestoso 表示庄严、宏伟的演奏，而 agitato 意为激动不安的。Con anima 有生气有精神的，con brio 充满活力的，con fuoco 火热的。Grave 表示极缓慢而庄严的情绪。Rubato 意为弹性速度，为增强表情而灵活处理时值，演奏者从某些音“偷”一点时间补给其他音。理解这些词能帮你在听力考试中准确描述情绪。
5. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once, and how they relate. Monophonic texture is a single melodic line without accompaniment. Homophonic texture features a main melody with chordal accompaniment; this is the most common texture in pop and classical music. Polyphonic (or contrapuntal) texture has two or more independent melodies woven together. Heterophonic texture occurs when two or more voices or instruments perform the same melody simultaneously but with slight variations. Other terms include melody and accompaniment, unison (all parts moving together on the same pitch), and octaves (parts an octave apart).
织体描述同时听到的声部层数以及它们之间的关系。单声部织体是一条没有伴奏的旋律线。主调织体以主旋律配以和弦伴奏为特征，是流行乐和古典乐中最常见的织体。复调（对位）织体包含两条或以上独立旋律交织在一起。支声织体指两个或更多声部或乐器同时演奏同一旋律，但略有差异。其他术语包括旋律与伴奏、齐奏（所有声部同音高同时进行），以及八度（声部间相隔八度）。
6. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony refers to chords and how they progress. A piece may be in a major (bright, happy) or minor (sad, serious) key. Diatonic harmony stays within the notes of the key, while chromatic harmony uses notes outside the key. A perfect cadence (V–I) sounds finished; a plagal cadence (IV–I) is the "Amen" cadence. An imperfect cadence (I–V, II–V, or IV–V) sounds unfinished, and an interrupted or deceptive cadence (V–vi) surprises the listener. Modulation is a change of key within a piece. Terms like consonance (pleasing, stable harmony) and dissonance (tense, clashing harmony) are also essential.
和声指和弦及其进行方式。乐曲可以是大调（明亮、欢快）或小调（忧伤、严肃）。自然音和声保持在调的范围内，而半音和声使用了调外的音。完全终止（V–I）听起来像结束；变格终止（IV–I）是“阿们”终止。不完全终止（I–V、II–V 或 IV–V）听起来未结束，阻碍终止（V–vi）给听众带来惊讶。转调是乐曲内部调性的变化。协和（悦耳、稳定的和声）与不协和（紧张、冲突的和声）这两个术语也必不可少。
7. Melody and Pitch | 旋律与音高
Melodic terms include conjunct (moving by step) and disjunct (moving by leap). An arpeggio plays the notes of a chord in sequence. Sequence is the repetition of a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch. Ostinato is a persistently repeated musical phrase. Range (or tessitura) refers to the distance between the lowest and highest notes. Other useful terms: tritone (an interval of three whole tones, often sounding dissonant), glissando (a rapid slide through a series of adjacent notes), and portamento (a smooth slide between two pitches).
旋律术语包括级进（逐音进行）和跳进（跳跃进行）。琶音 依次奏出和弦各音。模进 是将一个旋律片段在更高或更低的音高上重复。固定音型 是持续重复的音乐片段。音域（或声区）指最低音与最高音之间的距离。其他常用术语：三全音（包含三个全音的音程，常有不协和感）、滑音（在相邻音上的快速滑动），以及滑音（两个音高之间的平滑滑动，常用于声乐和弦乐）。
8. Form and Structure | 曲式结构
Understanding musical form helps you analyse how a piece is built. Binary form (AB) has two contrasting sections, each often repeated. Ternary form (ABA) has a contrasting middle section before returning to the opening. Rondo form has a recurring main theme alternating with contrasting episodes (ABACA...). Theme and variations presents a melody followed by altered versions. Sonata form consists of exposition, development, and recapitulation. Refer to sections using verse and chorus in pop music; introduction, coda (ending), and bridge are common in many styles.
理解曲式有助于你分析乐曲结构。二段式（AB）有两个对比乐段，每段常重复。三段式（ABA）有对比中段，然后回到开头。回旋曲式有一个反复出现的主部与对比插部交替（ABACA……）。主题与变奏是一个旋律后跟若干改编版本。奏鸣曲式由呈示部、展开部和再现部组成。流行音乐中用主歌和副歌来指称段落；引子、尾声和桥段在多种风格中都很常见。
9. Instrumental and Vocal Techniques | 乐器与声乐技巧
This category covers specific performance techniques. For string instruments: vibrato is a slight fluctuation in pitch for warmth; tremolo is rapid repetition of a note; harmonics are high, bell-like tones produced by lightly touching the string. For voice: falsetto is a male voice singing in a high register above normal; sotto voce means in an undertone; coloratura is elaborate ornamentation in singing. For piano: una corda (soft pedal) and tre corde (release soft pedal). Articulation markings like slurs, ties, and phrase marks belong in this toolkit.
此类涵盖特殊的表演技巧。弦乐器：揉弦 是音高微小的波动以增加温暖感；震音 是快速重复一个音；泛音 是轻触琴弦产生的高亢、钟鸣般的声音。声乐方面：假声 是男声唱出的高于正常音区的声音；轻声（sotto voce） 意为低声地；花腔 是歌唱中精巧的装饰音。钢琴：弱音踏板（una corda） 和 松开弱音踏板（tre corde）。演奏法符号 如连音线、延音线和乐句线都属于这一工具箱。
10. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与节拍
Rhythm terms are essential for describing timing. Syncopation shifts the accent onto a normally weak beat, creating an off-beat feel. Dotted rhythm uses a dot to increase a note's duration by half, often giving a skipping feel. Triplet is a group of three notes played in the time of two. Time signatures like 4/4 (common time) or 3/4 (waltz time) define metre. Hemiola is a temporary shift from triple to duple feel, common in Baroque music. Anacrusis is an upbeat—an incomplete measure at the start. Swing rhythm is the uneven division of the beat (long–short) typical of jazz.
节奏术语对描述时间安排至关重要。切分音 将重音移到通常的弱拍上，产生打破常规的律动。附点节奏 用附点将音符时值增加一半，常带有跳跃感。三连音 是将一拍均分为三个音。拍号如 4/4（普通拍子）或 3/4（圆舞曲拍子）定义节拍。赫米奥拉 是三拍子到二拍子的暂时转换，在巴洛克音乐中常见。弱起 是不完全小节的起拍。摇摆节奏 是爵士乐中典型的不均分拍子（长-短）。
11. Ornamentation | 装饰音
Ornaments add decoration to a melody. Trill is a rapid alternation between two adjacent notes. Turn is a four-note figure: the note above, the main note, the note below, and the main note again. Mordent (upper mordent) is the main note, the note above, and back to the main note; a lower mordent uses the note below. Appoggiatura is a leaning note, taking time from the main note and creating a dissonance that resolves. Acciaccatura is a 'crushed' note, played very quickly before the main note. Grace note is a general term for a small, quick note. These are common in Baroque, Classical, and Romantic works.
装饰音为旋律增添润色。颤音 是两个邻近音的快速交替。回音 是由四音组成的音型：上方音、主音、下方音和回到主音。波音（上波音）是主音、上方音再回主音；下波音 则用下方音。倚音 是一个占用了主音时值的倚靠音符，形成不协和音再解抉。碎音 是在主音前极快弹出的“挤碎”音。装饰音 是这类简短快速音符的统称。它们在巴洛克、古典和浪漫时期的作品中都很常见。
12. Quick Memorisation Tips | 快速记忆技巧
Use mnemonic devices: for dynamics, 'Please Play More Forte' for pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff (though note mf comes before mp is wrong—adjust: 'Pope Paul's Monkey Found Forks'? Better to remember the logical order pianissimo to fortissimo). Associate Italian words with English: 'forte' sounds like 'force', so loud. Group terms by category: dynamics, tempo, articulation. Create flashcards with the term on one side and definition + English translation on the other. Listen to musical examples illustrating each term—this is very effective for auditory learners. Write your own short descriptions of pieces you practise using these terms. Test yourself regularly with past listening questions.
使用记忆术：力度方面，可以编一个从 pp 到 ff 的顺口溜，或者按照逻辑顺序从极弱到极强记忆。把意大利语单词与英文联系起来：'forte' 像 'force'（力），所以是强。按类别分组：力度、速度、演奏法。制作抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义及中文翻译。听体现每个术语的音乐片段——这对听力型学习者非常有效。用这些术语为自己练习的乐曲写简短的描述。使用历年听力考题进行定期自测。
Published by TutorHao | Music Revision Series | aleveler.com
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