📚 Year 10 Edexcel Computer Science: Vocabulary Terminology Quick-Memory Guide | Edexcel计算机科学词汇术语速记指南（10年级）
This guide is designed to help Year 10 students rapidly master essential vocabulary and terminology for the Edexcel Computer Science curriculum. Each term is presented with a clear English definition and a matching Chinese explanation, often accompanied by memory aids such as associations, abbreviations, or analogies. Use this as a daily drill to build a solid foundation for exams.
本指南旨在帮助10年级学生快速掌握Edexcel计算机科学课程的核心词汇与术语。每个术语均配有清晰英文定义与对应中文解释，并常附有联想、缩写或类比等记忆诀窍。可每日温习，为考试奠定坚实基础。
1. Computational Thinking & Algorithms | 计算思维与算法
Algorithm: A sequence of well-defined instructions to solve a problem or accomplish a task. (Memory aid: Think of a recipe - each step must be followed in order.)
算法：一组定义明确的指令序列，用于解决问题或完成任务。（记忆助记：就像菜谱，每一步必须按顺序执行。）
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem down into smaller, more manageable sub-problems. (Think of solving a jigsaw puzzle: you sort edge pieces first.)
分解：将复杂问题拆解成更小、更易处理的子问题。（想象拼图：先找出边缘块。）
Abstraction: Filtering out unnecessary details to focus on the essential features of a problem. (Like a map showing only roads, not every tree.)
抽象：过滤掉不必要的信息，专注于问题的关键特征。（如同地图只标出道路，不画每一棵树。）
Pattern Recognition: Identifying similarities or common characteristics among problems. (Spotting that both programs use a loop to repeat actions.)
模式识别：识别问题之间的相似性或共同特征。（观察到两个程序都用循环来重复操作。）
Pseudocode: A high-level, human-readable description of an algorithm using plain language and common programming constructs, not actual code. (Often uses keywords like IF, WHILE, FOR.)
伪代码：一种使用自然语言和常见编程结构来描述算法的高级、可读形式，而非真实代码。（常用 IF、WHILE、FOR 等关键字。）
Flowchart: A diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, using standard symbols: oval (start/end), parallelogram (input/output), rectangle (process), diamond (decision), arrows (flow).
流程图：用标准化符号图示算法：椭圆形（开始/结束）、平行四边形（输入/输出）、矩形（处理）、菱形（判定）、箭头（流向）。
2. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable: ied during program execution. Example: score = score + 1. (Memory: think of a box labelled 'score' that can hold different numbers.)
变量：一个命名数据容器，其值可在程序执行中改变。例如：score = score + 1。（记忆：像贴有'分数'标签的盒子，可装入不同数字。）
Constant: changed once it is assigned. Example: PI = 3.14. (Think of a frozen value, never thawed.)
常量：一个赋值后即不可更改的命名值。例如：PI = 3.14。（想象被冻结的值，永不改变。）
Assignment: The process of giving a value to a variable, typically using the '=' symbol. Example: total = price * quantity.
赋值：为变量指定一个值的过程，通常使用'='符号。例如：total = price * quantity。
Sequence: Executing program instructions one after another in the order they are written. (Like reading a book from page 1 to the end.)
顺序：按编写顺序依次执行程序指令。（如同从第1页读到最后一页的书。）
Selection: Controlling the flow of a program by making decisions, usually with IF...ELSE statements. (Think of a fork in the road.)
选择：通过判断控制程序流程，常用 IF...ELSE 语句。（想象道路岔口。）
Iteration: Repeating a block of code; either count-controlled (FOR loop) or condition-controlled (WHILE loop). (Memory aid: 'repetition' means doing something again and again.)
迭代：重复执行一段代码；分为计数控制循环（FOR）与条件控制循环（WHILE）。（记忆纽带：'重复'即一次又一次地做某事。）
3. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary: ystem using only 0 and 1. All computer data is ultimately stored as binary. (Memory: Think 'bi' = two.)
二进制：仅使用 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数字系统。所有计算机数据最终都以二进制存储。（'bi' 联想为双。）
Denary (Decimal): The base-10 system with digits 0-9, used in everyday life. (Denary = deci = ten.)
十进制：使用 0-9 十个数字的基数为 10 的系统，日常生活中使用。
Hexadecimal: and letters A-F. Each hex digit represents 4 bits (a nibble). (Memory: Hex = 6 + 10 = 16.)
十六进制：使用 0-9 和 A-F 的基数为 16 的系统。每个十六进制位代表 4 个比特（半字节）。
Bit: A single binary digit (0 or 1). The smallest unit of data. (b lowercase).
比特（位）：一个二进制数字（0 或 1）。数据的最小单位。（小写 b）
Nibble: A group of 4 bits. Example: 1010₂ is one nibble.
半字节：4 个比特组成一组。例：1010₂ 就是一个半字节。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, often used to represent a single character. (B uppercase).
字节：8 个比特组成一组，常用于表示单个字符。（大写 B）
Pixel: nt of a digital image. Resolution = width in pixels × height in pixels. (Picture element).
像素：数字图像中最小的可控单元。分辨率 = 像素宽度 × 像素高度。
Colour Depth: ingle pixel. More bits = more colours. Example: 8-bit colour depth gives 2⁸ = 256 colours.
颜色深度：用于表示单个像素颜色的比特数。位数越多，色彩越丰富。例：8 位颜色深度可表示 2⁸ = 256 种颜色。
Sample Rate: The number of samples taken per second when converting analogue sound to digital. Measured in Hertz (Hz). (Think of taking snapshots of sound waves.)
采样率：将模拟声音转换为数字信号时每秒采集的样本数，单位是赫兹（Hz）。
Bit Depth (audio): The number of bits used to store each audio sample. Higher bit depth gives better sound quality. Example: 16-bit audio can record 2¹⁶ levels.
位深度（音频）：存储每个音频样本所用的比特数。位深度越高音质越好。例：16 位音频可记录 2¹⁶ 个等级。
4. Computer Systems | 计算机系统
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The 'brain' of the computer that processes instructions. It contains the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers.
中央处理器（CPU）：计算机的'大脑'，负责处理指令。包含控制单元（CU）、算术逻辑单元（ALU）和寄存器。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic (+, -, ×, ÷) and logical (AND, OR, NOT) operations.
算术逻辑单元：执行算术运算（加减乘除）和逻辑运算（与、或、非）。
Control Unit (CU): Directs the operation of the processor by sending control signals. It decodes instructions.
控制单元：通过发送控制信号指挥处理器工作，负责指令译码。
Register: A small, fast storage location inside the CPU. Key registers: PC (Program Counter), MAR (Memory Address Register), MDR (Memory Data Register), ACC (Accumulator).
寄存器：CPU内部的高速小容量存储位置。重要寄存器：程序计数器（PC）、存储器地址寄存器（MAR）、存储器数据寄存器（MDR）、累加器（ACC）。
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle: The process by which the CPU retrieves an instruction from memory (fetch), works out what to do (decode), and carries it out (execute). (Memory: F-D-E like 'Find, Decide, Execute'.)
取指-译码-执行周期：CPU 从内存取出指令（取指）、分析指令（译码）、执行指令（执行）的循环过程。（记忆：Fetch找到，Decode决定，Execute执行。）
Clock Speed: asured in Hertz (Hz). 3 GHz = 3 billion cycles per second. (Think of a metronome ticking.)
时钟频率：处理器执行指令的速度，单位为赫兹（Hz）。3 GHz 即每秒 30 亿个周期。
Cache: A small amount of very fast memory located close to the CPU, used to store frequently accessed data. Levels: L1 (fastest, smallest), L2, L3.
高速缓存（缓存）：靠近CPU的极高速小容量存储器，用于存放经常访问的数据。分为 L1（最快最小）、L2、L3 三级。
5. Memory & Storage | 内存与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that stores data and programs currently in use. Data is lost when power is off. (Think of workspace or desk.)
随机存取存储器（RAM）：易失性存储器，存储正在运行的程序与数据。断电后数据丢失。（想象工作台或书桌。）
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions, e.g., BIOS/bootstrap loader. Cannot be modified easily.
只读存储器（ROM）：非易失性存储器，存储永久性指令（如 BIOS/引导程序），一般不可修改。
Volatile vs Non-volatile: Volatile memory loses its contents when power is removed (e.g., RAM). Non-volatile retains data (e.g., ROM, HDD).
易失性与非易失性：易失性存储器断电后数据丢失（如 RAM）；非易失性存储器断电保留数据（如 ROM、硬盘）。
Primary Storage: Memory directly accessible by the CPU, mainly RAM and ROM. Faster but limited capacity.
主存储（内存）：CPU 可直接访问的存储器，主要是 RAM 和 ROM，速度快但容量有限。
Secondary Storage: (flash), optical discs (CD/DVD). (Memory: secondary = extra storage, not directly by CPU.)
辅助存储（外存）：长期保存数据的非易失性存储，如硬盘（磁性）、固态硬盘（闪存）、光盘（CD/DVD）。（辅助即 CPU 不直接访问的额外存储。）
Virtual Memory: A technique that uses part of the hard drive as if it were extra RAM when physical RAM is full. Allows larger programs but slower access.
虚拟内存：当物理 RAM 不足时，将部分硬盘空间当作额外 RAM 使用的技术。可运行更大程序，但存取较慢。
6. Networks | 计算机网络
LAN (Local Area Network): A network covering a small geographical area, like a school or office. Usually high speed and privately owned.
局域网（LAN）：覆盖较小地理范围的网络，如学校或办公室。通常高速、私有。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network spanning large geographical areas, e.g., the Internet. Connects LANs, often using public infrastructure.
广域网（WAN）：覆盖大地理范围的网络，例如因特网。连接多个局域网，常使用公共设施。
Client-Server: A network model where clients request services and a central server provides them. E.g., web server and browsers.
客户-服务器模型：客户请求服务，中央服务器提供服务。如网页服务器与浏览器。
Peer-to-Peer (P2P): All devices are equal and share resources directly without a central server. Used in file-sharing networks.
对等网络（P2P）：所有设备平等，直接共享资源，无需中央服务器。常用于文件共享。
Network Topology: The physical or logical layout of a network. Star: all devices connect to a central switch; Bus: single cable; Ring: circular; Mesh: every device connects to every other.
网络拓扑：网络的物理或逻辑布局。星型：所有设备连接到中央交换机；总线型：单根电缆；环型：环形；网状：每个设备相互连接。
Protocol: A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted over a network. TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP.
协议：管理网络数据传输的一组规则。如 TCP/IP、HTTP、HTTPS、FTP、SMTP、POP3、IMAP。
HTTP vs HTTPS: ransmits web data; HTTPS uses encryption (SSL/TLS) for secure communication. (S = Secure).
HTTP 与 HTTPS：HTTP 传输网页数据；HTTPS 使用加密（SSL/TLS）确保安全通信。（S 代表 Secure。）
IP Address: A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, e.g., 192.168.1.1 (IPv4). MAC address is a hardware address hardcoded into a network interface card.
IP 地址：网络中每个设备的唯一数字标识，例如 192.168.1.1（IPv4）。MAC 地址是网卡硬件中内置的物理地址。
Packet: A small unit of data sent over a network. Contains header (source/destination IP, sequence number) and payload (actual data).
数据包：通过网络发送的小数据单元。包含头部（源/目标 IP、序号）和有效载荷（实际数据）。
7. Cyber Security | 网络安全
Malware: Malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access. Includes viruses, worms, trojans, spyware.
恶意软件：旨在破坏或非法获取访问权限的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马、间谍软件。
Virus: A self-replicating program that attaches to other files and spreads when those files are executed. (Like a biological virus needing a host.)
病毒：一种自我复制程序，依附于其他文件，当宿主文件被执行时传播。
Worm: A standalone malware that replicates and spreads across networks without needing a host file. (Memory: 'worm' crawls through networks.)
蠕虫：一种独立恶意软件，无需宿主文件即可通过网络自行复制和传播。
Trojan: Malware disguised as legitimate software, tricking users into installing it. It does not self-replicate.
特洛伊木马：伪装成合法软件诱骗用户安装的恶意软件，不自我复制。
Phishing: Fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information (passwords, credit card numbers) by impersonating a trustworthy entity, often via email.
网络钓鱼：通过假冒可信实体（常用电子邮件）诱骗用户提供敏感信息（密码、信用卡号）的欺诈行为。
Brute-force Attack: A trial-and-error method to crack passwords by systematically trying all possible combinations. (Like trying every key on a keyring.)
暴力破解攻击：通过系统地尝试所有可能组合来破解密码的试错方法。
Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined rules. (Think of a security guard checking IDs.)
防火墙：根据预定规则监视和控制进出网络流量的安全系统。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext to protect data confidentiality. Only authorised parties with a key can decrypt it.
加密：将明文转换为密文以保护数据机密性的过程。只有持有密钥的授权方才能解密。
8. Boolean Logic | 布尔逻辑
Boolean Value: A data type that has only two possible values: True (1) or False (0). Named after George Boole.
布尔值：只有两种可能值的数据类型：真（1）或假（0），以乔治·布尔命名。
NOT Gate: A logic gate that inverts the input. Output is True if input is False. Symbol: ¬A or Ā.
非门：将输入取反的逻辑门。输入假则输出真。符号：¬A 或 Ā。
AND Gate: Output is True only when all inputs are True. Symbol: A · B or A ∧ B. (Think: need both keys to open a safe.)
与门：仅当所有输入都为真时输出真。符号：A · B 或 A ∧ B。
OR Gate: Output is True if at least one input is True. Symbol: A + B or A ∨ B. (Think: either light switch turns on the light.)
或门：至少一个输入为真时输出真。符号：A + B 或 A ∨ B。
Truth Table: A table showing all possible input combinations and the corresponding output for a logic circuit. Columns: Inputs (A, B) | Output (Q).
真值表：列出逻辑电路所有可能输入组合及其对应输出的表格。列：输入（A、B） | 输出（Q）。
Boolean Expression: A mathematical expression that evaluates to True or False. Example: Q = (A AND B) OR C.
布尔表达式：计算结果为真或假的数学表达式。例：Q = (A AND B) OR C。
9. Data Types & Structures | 数据类型与结构
Integer: A whole number, positive or negative, without a fractional part. E.g., -3, 0, 42.
整数：不含小数部分的正负整数，如 -3、0、42。
Float/Real: A number that can have a fractional part, stored in floating-point format. E.g., 3.14, -0.001. (Memory: 'float' because the decimal point can float.)
浮点数/实数：可含小数部分的数，以浮点格式存储，如 3.14、-
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