📚 Year 10 WJEC Sociology: Quick Guide to Key Terms and Concepts | Year 10 WJEC 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
This guide provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of the essential sociological terms you need to know for the WJEC GCSE Sociology course. Mastering these concepts will help you analyse social structures, processes, and issues effectively, and will strengthen your exam answers considerably.
本指南为你简明而全面地梳理了 WJEC GCSE 社会学课程中的核心术语。掌握这些概念将帮助你有效分析社会结构、社会过程和社会问题，并显著提升你的考试答案质量。
1. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviours appropriate to their society. It is essential for the continuity of culture and social order, as it ensures that each new generation internalises shared understandings.
社会化 是一个终身过程，个体通过它学习符合其社会的规范、价值观和行为方式。它对于文化的延续和社会秩序的维持至关重要，因为它确保每一代新人都能将共享的理解内化。
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, primarily within the family. During this stage, basic language, core values, and fundamental norms are learned, shaping the individual's initial identity and sense of self.
初级社会化 发生在儿童早期，主要在家庭内部。在这一阶段，人们学习基本的语言、核心价值观和基本规范，从而塑造个体的最初身份认同和自我意识。
Secondary socialisation takes place later, through institutions such as schools, peer groups, the workplace, and the media. It continues throughout life as individuals adapt to new roles, such as becoming an employee or a citizen.
次级社会化 发生在后来的阶段，通过学校、同辈群体、工作场所和媒体等机构进行。它贯穿一生，随着个体适应诸如成为雇员或公民等新角色而持续。
2. Culture and Subculture | 文化与亚文化
Culture refers to the shared way of life of a society, including its language, customs, beliefs, values, and material objects. It is learned, not inherited biologically, and it binds society together by giving people a common framework.
文化 指一个社会共享的生活方式，包括语言、风俗、信仰、价值观和物质产品。它是后天习得的，而非生物学遗传，并通过赋予人们共同框架将社会凝聚在一起。
Subculture is a group within a larger culture that has its own distinct norms, values, and practices, such as youth subcultures (e.g., goths, skaters) or occupational subcultures. Subcultures can provide a sense of belonging and identity while sometimes challenging mainstream norms.
亚文化 是较大文化内部的一个群体，拥有自己独特的规范、价值观和习俗，例如青年亚文化（哥特族、滑板族）或职业亚文化。亚文化能提供归属感和身份认同，有时也会挑战主流规范。
Cultural diversity describes the variety of cultures and subcultures within a society. The UK is often described as multicultural due to the presence of many ethnic and cultural groups, each contributing to the broader national culture.
文化多样性 描述了一个社会中文化和亚文化的丰富程度。由于存在众多民族和文化群体，英国常被描述为多元文化社会，每个群体都为更广泛的民族文化作出贡献。
3. Norms and Values | 规范与价值观
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society. They guide everyday actions, such as queuing politely, offering greetings, and following table manners. Norms vary across cultures and can change over time.
规范 是在一个群体或社会中被认为是可接受的不成文行为规则。它们指导日常行为，例如礼貌排队、相互问候和遵守餐桌礼仪。规范因文化而异，并可能随时间改变。
Values are the fundamental beliefs about what is good, right, and desirable. They provide a moral framework that underpins norms. For example, if a society values privacy, norms such as knocking before entering a room will develop.
价值观 是关于什么是好、正确和可取的基本信念。它们提供道德框架，支撑着规范。例如，如果一个社会重视隐私，就会产生进屋前先敲门的规范。
Mores (pronounced 'mor-ays') are norms that are seen as vital for social wellbeing and carry strong moral significance. Violating mores, such as theft or murder, usually results in severe sanctions or legal punishment.
民德 (mores) 是被视为对社会福祉至关重要的规范，具有强烈的道德意义。违反民德，如盗窃或谋杀，通常会招致严厉制裁或法律惩罚。
Folkways are norms governing everyday casual interactions, such as saying 'please' and 'thank you' or appropriate dress codes. Breaking a folkway is considered rude or eccentric but is not severely punished.
民俗 (folkways) 是管辖日常随意互动的规范，如说“请”和“谢谢”或得体的着装。违反民俗会被视作无礼或古怪，但不会受到严厉惩罚。
4. Social Roles and Status | 社会角色与地位
Social role is the expected pattern of behaviour associated with a particular social position. For instance, the role of a student includes attending lessons, completing assignments, and respecting teachers. Each person typically plays multiple roles simultaneously.
社会角色 是与特定社会位置相关的预期行为模式。例如，学生的角色包括上课、完成作业和尊重老师。每个人通常同时扮演多个角色。
Status refers to the social position a person holds. It can be ascribed (fixed at birth, such as sex or ethnicity) or achieved (gained through effort, like a job title). Roles represent the dynamic aspect of status: you occupy a status, but you play a role.
地位 指一个人所占据的社会位置。它可以是先赋的（与生俱来，如性别、种族），也可以是自致的（通过努力获得，如职业头衔）。角色代表地位的动态方面：你占据某个地位，但你扮演某个角色。
Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible demands from multiple roles, for example, a working parent balancing professional responsibilities with childcare. Role strain, similarly, refers to tension within a single role.
角色冲突 发生在一个人面临来自多个角色的不兼容要求时，例如在职父母要平衡工作职责与育儿责任。类似地，角色压力指的是单一角色内部的紧张感。
5. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into layers or strata based on factors like wealth, power, and prestige. It is a structured inequality that persists across generations, not simply individual differences.
社会分层 是根据财富、权力和声望等因素将个人划分为不同层级的等级体系。它是一种结构化不平等，会持续数代，而不仅仅是个人差异。
Social class is a form of stratification commonly defined by economic factors such as occupation, income, and wealth. In the UK, sociologists often distinguish between the working class, middle class, and upper class, though modern models include more categories.
社会阶级 是分层的一种形式，通常由职业、收入和财富等经济因素界定。在英国，社会学家常区分工人阶级、中产阶级和上层阶级，但现代模型包含更多类别。
Life chances (a term popularised by Max Weber) refer to the opportunities individuals have to achieve desirable outcomes, such as good health, educational success, and comfortable housing. Stratification profoundly influences life chances, with those at the top enjoying significant advantages.
生活机会（由马克斯·韦伯普及的术语）指个人获得理想结果（如健康、教育成功和舒适住房）的机会。分层对生活机会有深远影响，处于顶层的人享有显著优势。
6. Ethnicity and Identity | 种族与身份认同
Ethnicity refers to shared cultural heritage, including language, religion, traditions, dietary practices, and a sense of common ancestry. It is distinct from the concept of 'race', which is often based on perceived physical characteristics and has been widely discredited as a biological category.
种族 (ethnicity) 指共享的文化遗产，包括语言、宗教、传统、饮食习惯和共同祖先感。它不同于“人种 (race)”概念，后者常基于感知的身体特征，且作为生物学范畴已普遍被否定。
Ethnic identity is the sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group. It can be a positive source of pride and community, but it may also be shaped by external labelling, stereotyping, and discrimination, which can create a negative or defensive identity.
种族身份 是对特定族群的归属感。它可以成为自豪感和社区感的正面来源，但也可能受到外部标签、刻板印象和歧视的影响，从而形成消极或防御性身份。
Institutional racism refers to the patterns of discrimination that are built into the structures, policies, and everyday practices of organisations. It can be unintentional, yet it produces disparities in areas such as education, employment, and criminal justice. Published by TutorHao | Year 10 社会学 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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