📚 Core Knowledge Summary for Year 10 WJEC Computer Science | Year 10 WJEC 计算机科学核心知识点梳理
This article provides a thorough walkthrough of the fundamental topics in the Year 10 WJEC Computer Science specification. It is designed to reinforce your understanding of how computers work, how data is handled, and how to think computationally – all explained clearly with English–Chinese paired paragraphs for bilingual learners.
本文系统梳理了 Year 10 WJEC 计算机科学课程的核心知识点，旨在帮助你巩固对计算机工作原理、数据处理方式以及计算思维的理解。全文采用中英对照的形式，便于双语学习。
1. Computer Architecture and the CPU | 计算机体系结构与中央处理器
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component that executes instructions. It follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle: an instruction is fetched from memory, decoded by the control unit, and then executed by the appropriate hardware.
中央处理器（CPU）是执行指令的核心部件。它遵循取指-译码-执行周期：从内存中取出指令，由控制单元译码，再由相应的硬件执行。
The CPU contains several key registers. The Program Counter (PC) holds the memory address of the next instruction. The Memory Address Register (MAR) stores the address currently being accessed, while the Memory Data Register (MDR) holds the data or instruction being transferred. The Accumulator (ACC) temporarily stores results from the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
CPU 包含几个关键寄存器。程序计数器（PC）存放下一条指令的内存地址；存储器地址寄存器（MAR）保存当前访问的地址；存储器数据寄存器（MDR）存放正在传输的数据或指令；累加器（ACC）暂存算术逻辑单元（ALU）的运算结果。
The Von Neumann architecture describes a stored-program concept where both program instructions and data share the same memory and are fetched over a common bus. This is still the basis for most modern computers.
冯·诺依曼架构描述了一种存储程序的概念：程序指令和数据共享同一内存，并通过公共总线传输。这仍然是大多数现代计算机的基础。
2. Memory and Storage | 内存与存储器
Primary memory consists of RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its contents when power is turned off, and is used to store programs and data currently in use. ROM is non-volatile and typically holds the boot firmware (BIOS/UEFI).
主存由随机存取存储器（RAM）和只读存储器（ROM）组成。RAM 是易失性的，断电后内容丢失，用于存放当前运行的程序和数据；ROM 是非易失性的，通常保存引导固件（BIOS/UEFI）。
Increasing RAM can improve multitasking performance because more data can be kept in fast memory, reducing reliance on slower virtual memory. Virtual memory uses part of the hard disk or SSD as an extension of RAM when physical memory is full.
增加 RAM 可以提升多任务处理性能，因为更多数据可驻留在高速内存中，减少对慢速虚拟内存的依赖。虚拟内存是在物理内存不足时将硬盘或 SSD 的一部分当作 RAM 扩展来使用。
Secondary storage devices, such as magnetic hard disks, solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical discs, provide long‑term, non‑volatile storage. Each storage type differs in capacity, speed, portability, durability, and cost per gigabyte.
辅助存储设备，例如磁性硬盘、固态硬盘（SSD）和光盘，提供长期、非易失性的数据存储。不同存储类型在容量、速度、便携性、耐用性和每 GB 成本上各有差异。
3. Data Representation: Numbers | 数据表示：数字
Computers use binary (base‑2) because transistors have two stable states. Denary (base‑10) numbers are converted to binary. For example, the denary number 157 is expressed as 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1, which gives the 8‑bit binary pattern 10011101₂.
计算机使用二进制（基数为 2），因为晶体管有两种稳定状态。十进制数需要转换为二进制。例如，十进制数 157 可分解为 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1，得到 8 位二进制模式 10011101₂。
Hexadecimal (base‑16) is a more compact way to represent binary. Each hex digit corresponds to a nibble (4 bits). For instance, 1001₂ is 9₁₆ and 1101₂ is D₁₆, so 10011101₂ becomes 9D₁₆. Hexadecimal is often used for colour codes and memory addresses.
十六进制（基数为 16）是二进制更紧凑的表示形式。每个十六进制数字对应一个半字节（4 位）。例如，1001₂ 为 9₁₆，1101₂ 为 D₁₆，因此 10011101₂ 即为 9D₁₆。十六进制常用于颜色代码和内存地址。
Negative numbers are frequently represented using two's complement. To find the two's complement of a binary number, invert all bits and add 1. This method allows the CPU to perform subtraction using the same addition circuits.
负数通常用二进制补码表示。求一个二进制数的补码，需要将所有位取反后加 1。这种方法使 CPU 能够使用同一套加法电路执行减法运算。
4. Data Representation: Text, Images and Sound | 数据表示：文本、图像与声音
Characters are encoded using standard character sets. ASCII uses 7 or 8 bits to represent 128 or 256 characters, including English letters, digits, and symbols. Unicode uses up to 32 bits to represent characters from virtually all writing systems, allowing global text exchange.
字符使用标准字符集编码。ASCII 用 7 或 8 位表示 128 或 256 个字符，包含英文字母、数字和符号。Unicode 最多用 32 位表示几乎全部书写系统的字符，实现了全球文本交换。
Bitmap images are composed of pixels. The colour of each pixel is stored as a binary number. Resolution refers to the number of pixels, while colour depth (bit depth) determines how many colours can be represented per pixel. Higher resolution and colour depth give better quality but larger file sizes.
位图图像由像素组成，每个像素的颜色存储为二进制数。分辨率指像素数量，颜色深度（位深度）决定每个像素可表示的颜色数。更高的分辨率和颜色深度带来更好画质，但文件也更大。
Sound is captured by sampling an analogue signal at regular intervals. The sample rate (measured in Hz) and the bit depth affect the quality and file size. A higher sample rate captures more detail, and a higher bit depth records sound more accurately.
声音通过定期对模拟信号采样来数字化。采样率（单位为 Hz）和采样深度影响音质和文件大小。采样率越高能捕捉更多细节，采样深度越高录音越精确。
5. Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra | 逻辑门与布尔代数
Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. The basic gates are AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR. An AND gate outputs 1 only when all inputs are 1. An OR gate outputs 1 when at least one input is 1. A NOT gate inverts the input signal.
逻辑门是数字电路的基本构建块。基本门电路有与（AND）、或（OR）、非（NOT）、与非（NAND）、或非（NOR）和异或（XOR）。与门在所有输入均为 1 时才输出 1；或门只要至少一个输入为 1 就输出 1；非门则将输入信号取反。
Truth tables list all possible input combinations and the corresponding output for a logic gate or circuit. They are used to verify the behaviour of combinational logic. Boolean expressions can be simplified using algebraic laws or Karnaugh maps.
真值表列出逻辑门或电路所有可能的输入组合及其对应输出，用于验证组合逻辑的行为。布尔表达式可以通过代数定律或卡诺图进行化简。
6. Networks and Protocols | 网络与协议
A network is two or more devices connected to share resources. A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small geographical area, such as a school or office, and typically uses Ethernet or Wi‑Fi. A Wide Area Network (WAN) connects LANs over large distances, often using leased lines or the internet.
计算机网络是两台或多台设备连接起来以共享资源。局域网（LAN）覆盖较小地理范围，如学校或办公室，通常使用以太网或 Wi‑Fi。广域网（WAN）则将相距较远的局域网连接起来，常借助专线或互联网实现。
Protocols are sets of rules that govern data transmission. Key examples include TCP/IP (the foundation of the internet), HTTP/HTTPS (web pages), FTP (file transfer), SMTP (sending email), and POP3/IMAP (receiving email). The layered protocol model, such as the TCP/IP stack, divides communication into separate layers to simplify design and troubleshooting.
协议是管理数据传输的一组规则。重要的协议包括：TCP/IP（互联网的基础）、HTTP/HTTPS（网页传输）、FTP（文件传输）、SMTP（发送邮件）以及 POP3/IMAP（接收邮件）。像 TCP/IP 协议栈这样的分层模型将通信划分为不同层次，简化了设计和故障排查。
7. Cybersecurity Threats and Prevention | 网络安全威胁与防护
Malware is malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access. Common types include viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Phishing attacks trick users into revealing personal information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity.
恶意软件指旨在破坏或获取非授权访问的软件。常见类型包括病毒、蠕虫、木马、勒索软件和间谍软件。网络钓鱼攻击则通过伪装成可信实体来诱骗用户泄露个人信息。
A denial‑of‑service (DoS) attack floods a server with traffic to make it unavailable. Defensive measures include firewalls (which filter incoming and outgoing traffic), encryption (scrambling data so only authorised parties can read it), strong passwords, and multi‑factor authentication.
拒绝服务（DoS）攻击通过大量流量淹没服务器使其无法提供服务。防御措施包括防火墙（过滤进出流量）、加密（将数据加扰使得只有授权方能读取）、强密码和多因素认证。
Regular software updates and patches are essential because they fix known security vulnerabilities. On a personal level, users should be cautious with email attachments and only download software from trusted sources.
定期软件更新和补丁至关重要，因其修复已知的安全漏洞。个人层面，用户应谨慎对待电子邮件附件，并仅从可信来源下载软件。
8. System Software and Operating Systems | 系统软件与操作系统
System software manages the hardware and provides a platform for application software. The operating system (OS) is the most important system software. It handles user interface, memory management, multitasking, peripheral management, file management, and security.
系统软件管理硬件并为应用软件提供平台。操作系统是最重要的系统软件，它负责用户界面、内存管理、多任务处理、外设管理、文件管理以及安全控制。
The user interface can be graphical (GUI), command‑line, menu‑driven, or natural language. Memory management ensures that each running program has its own allocated space and that virtual memory is used efficiently when RAM is full.
用户界面可以是图形界面（GUI）、命令行、菜单驱动或自然语言。内存管理确保每个运行的程序拥有独立的内存空间，并在 RAM 满时高效地使用虚拟内存。
Device drivers are small programs that allow the OS to communicate with specific hardware components. Without the correct driver, a device may not function correctly or at all.
设备驱动程序是允许操作系统与特定硬件组件通信的小程序。如果没有正确的驱动程序，设备可能无法正常工作，甚至完全不能工作。
9. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variables are named memory locations that store data values. In most high‑level languages, you must declare a variable and assign a data type, such as integer, float (decimal number), string (text), or Boolean (True/False). Selection is implemented using if‑elif‑else statements, which allow the program to make decisions based on conditions.
变量是存储数据值的命名内存位置。在大多数高级语言中，需要声明变量并指定数据类型，如整数（integer）、浮点数（float）、字符串（string）或布尔值（Boolean）。选择结构通过 if‑elif‑else 语句实现，使程序能够根据条件做出决策。
Iteration involves repeating a block of code. A for loop is normally used when the number of iterations is known in advance, whereas a while loop repeats as long as a condition remains true. Maintaining correct loop control and avoiding infinite loops are essential skills.
迭代指重复执行一段代码。for 循环通常用于迭代次数预先已知的情况，while 循环则当条件为真时一直重复。正确控制循环并避免死循环是基本技能。
Subprograms – functions and procedures – allow modular programming. Functions return a value, while procedures perform a task without returning a value. Using parameters makes subprograms flexible and reusable.
子程序——函数和过程——支持模块化编程。函数返回一个值，过程执行任务但不返回值。使用参数可使子程序灵活且可重用。
10. Algorithms and Problem Solving | 算法与问题解决
An algorithm is a step‑by‑step procedure to solve a problem. It must have clearly defined inputs and outputs, be unambiguous, and terminate. Computational thinking involves decomposition (breaking a problem into smaller parts), pattern recognition, abstraction (ignoring irrelevant details), and algorithm design.
算法是解决问题的分步流程，必须具有明确定义的输入和输出、无歧义且最终终止。计算思维包括分解（将问题拆分为小部分）、模式识别、抽象（忽略无关细节）和算法设计。
Common searching algorithms include linear search (checks each element in a list until the target is found) and binary search (works on a sorted list by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half). Binary search is much faster for large sorted data sets.
常见查找算法有线形搜索（逐个检查列表元素直到找到目标）和二分搜索（针对已排序列表，反复将查找区间折半）。对于大型已排序数据，二分搜索快得多。
Sorting algorithms, such as bubble sort, compare adjacent elements and swap them if they are in the wrong order, repeating until the list is sorted. Other sorts like merge sort or insertion sort may be discussed; understanding their efficiency is key.
排序算法，如冒泡排序，比较相邻元素并在顺序不正确时交换它们，重复直至列表有序。还可能涉及归并排序或插入排序等，理解其效率是关键。
Algorithms can be represented using flowcharts (symbols for start/stop, process, decision, input/output) or pseudocode. These tools help in planning before actual coding begins.
算法可用流程图（使用起止、处理、判断、输入/输出等符号）或伪代码表示。这些工具帮助在编码前进行规划。
11. Ethical, Legal and Environmental Impact | 伦理、法律与环境影响
The use of computers raises ethical concerns around privacy, data protection, and digital divide. Laws such as the Data Protection Act and the Computer Misuse Act set legal boundaries for personal data handling and cybercrimes.
计算机的使用引发了隐私、数据保护和数字鸿沟等伦理问题。数据保护法和计算机滥用法等法律为个人数据处理和网络犯罪设置了法律界限。
Intellectual property rights, including copyright and patents, protect software, digital media, and inventions. Plagiarism and software piracy are both illegal and unethical.
知识产权，包括版权和专利，保护软件、数字媒体和发明。抄袭和软件盗版既违法又不道德。
Environmental impact is another key issue. Manufacturing, powering, and disposing of computers consume significant energy and produce e‑waste. Sustainable practices involve responsible recycling, reducing energy consumption, and designing energy‑efficient hardware.
环境影响是另一重要议题。制造、供电和废弃计算机消耗大量能源并产生电子垃圾。可持续发展实践包括负责任的回收、降低能耗和设计节能硬件。
Furthermore, the automation of jobs through AI and robotics presents social challenges, requiring retraining and thoughtful policy. Computer scientists must consider the wider consequences of the technology they create.
此外，人工智能和机器人技术导致的就业自动化带来社会挑战，需要再培训和深思熟虑的政策。计算机科学家必须考虑其技术创造的更广泛后果。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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