📚 Year 10 Edexcel Psychology: Quick Memory Guide to Key Terms | Year 10 Edexcel 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of GCSE Psychology is half the battle won. Terms like 'sensory register', 'operationalising variables', and 'retrograde amnesia' can feel overwhelming, but with clever memory tricks — mnemonics, imagery, and simple acronyms — you can lock them into your long-term memory. This guide covers the most essential terms from the Year 10 Edexcel Psychology specification, grouped by topic, and gives you fast, proven memorisation strategies to ace your exams.
掌握 GCSE 心理学的词汇术语，就等于成功了一半。像 'sensory register'、'operationalising variables' 和 'retrograde amnesia' 这样的术语可能会让你头晕，但只要用巧妙的记忆技巧——助记法、图像联想和简单的首字母缩略词——你就能把这些术语牢固地刻进长时记忆。本指南涵盖了 Year 10 Edexcel 心理学大纲中最核心的术语，逐专题分组，并为你提供快速、有效的记忆策略，助你在考试中轻松得分。
1. Development: Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development | 发展：皮亚杰的认知发展阶段
The four stages in order are Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, and Formal operational. They describe how a child's thinking becomes more sophisticated with age.
四个阶段依次是：感知运动阶段、前运算阶段、具体运算阶段和形式运算阶段。它们描述了儿童的思维如何随着年龄增长而变得更加复杂。
Memory trick: Use the sentence 'Some People Can Fly' — the first letter of each word matches the first letter of the stages in correct order. Visualise a superhero child flying through each stage.
记忆技巧：用句子 'Some People Can Fly'（有些人会飞）——每个单词的首字母恰好对应四个阶段的首字母，而且顺序正确。想象一个超级英雄小孩在每个阶段中飞翔的画面。
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): infants learn through senses and actions; they develop object permanence, realising objects exist when out of sight.
感知运动阶段（0-2 岁）：婴儿通过感官和动作来学习；形成客体永久性，知道物体即使看不见也存在。
Pre-operational stage (2-7 years): children use symbols and language but lack logical reasoning; they are egocentric, struggling to see another’s viewpoint.
前运算阶段（2-7 岁）：儿童使用符号和语言，但缺乏逻辑推理；自我中心，难以从他人视角看问题。
Concrete operational stage (7-11 years): logical thinking appears, but only about concrete objects; children master conservation, understanding quantity stays the same despite changes in shape.
具体运算阶段（7-11 岁）：出现逻辑思维，但只局限于具体物体；儿童掌握守恒概念，知道数量不随形状改变而变化。
Formal operational stage (11+ years): abstract and hypothetical thinking emerges; adolescents can solve problems systematically.
形式运算阶段（11 岁以上）：出现抽象和假设性思维；青少年能够系统性地解决问题。
2. Memory: The Multi-store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) | 记忆：多存储模型（阿特金森与希夫林）
The model describes three separate memory stores: Sensory register, Short-term memory (STM), and Long-term memory (LTM). Information moves between them through attention and rehearsal.
这个模型描述了三个独立的记忆存储库：感觉登记器、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。信息通过注意和复述在它们之间流动。
Memory trick: Imagine a supermarket conveyor belt. The sensory register is the belt where items briefly appear; attention is picking an item up; STM is your hands holding it (limited capacity, 5-9 items); and LTM is the shopping bag where it goes if you repeat the item name over and over (maintenance rehearsal).
记忆技巧：想象一条超市传送带。感觉登记器就是物品短暂出现的传送带；注意就是你去拿起一件物品；STM 就是你用手拿着它（容量有限，能拿 5-9 件）；而 LTM 就是你不断重复物品名称（维持性复述）后把它放进购物袋里。
Sensory register: capacity is very large, duration about half a second, and coding is modality-specific (iconic for vision, echoic for sound). Think 'INSTANT super-sense' — Instant, Sensory, In large capacity, Super-short duration.
感觉登记器：容量非常大，持续时间约半秒，编码是感觉通道特异的（视觉为映像记忆，听觉为回声记忆）。记为 'INSTANT'（瞬间）—— Instant（瞬间），Sensory（感觉），大的容量，超短持续时间。
Short-term memory: capacity 7+/-2 items, duration 18-30 seconds, mainly acoustic coding. Remember '7/20/Acoustic'. Visualise a phone number (7 digits) you say aloud for 20 seconds before it fades.
短时记忆：容量 7±2 个组块，持续时间 18-30 秒，主要为声学编码。记住 '7/20/声学'。想象一个电话号码（7 位数），你大声重复 20 秒然后就忘了。
Long-term memory: capacity potentially unlimited, duration up to a lifetime, mainly semantic coding (meaning). It is the 'permanent store'.
长时记忆：容量可能无限，持续时间可达一生，主要是语义编码（意义）。这就是“永久存储库”。
3. Memory: Types of Long-term Memory (Tulving) | 记忆：长时记忆的类型（图尔文）
Tulving proposed three types: Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural memory. They are distinct and can be affected differently by amnesia.
图尔文提出三种类型：情景记忆、语义记忆和程序性记忆。它们是不同的，受遗忘症影响的方式也不同。
Memory trick: Think of the acronym 'ESP', but backwards — 'PSE' in order of conscious effort. Actually, order doesn’t matter; use 'ESP' to remember Episodic, Semantic, Procedural. Visualise a person who has ESP (extra-sensory perception) remembering past events (episodic), facts (semantic), and riding a bike (procedural).
记忆技巧：用首字母缩略词 'ESP'（超感知觉）来记：情景记忆（Episodic）、语义记忆（Semantic）、程序性记忆（Procedural）。想象一个有 ESP 的人回忆往事（情景）、记住事实（语义）和骑自行车（程序性）。
Episodic memory: personal experiences, time-stamped and linked to emotions. E.g., your last birthday party. Affected first in Alzheimer’s.
情景记忆：个人经历，有时间印记，与情绪相连。例如你上次的生日派对。阿尔茨海默病中首先受损。
Semantic memory: facts and knowledge about the world, not time-stamped. E.g., Paris is the capital of France.
语义记忆：关于世界的事实和知识，没有时间印记。例如巴黎是法国的首都。
Procedural memory: memory for skills and actions, often not available to conscious recall. E.g., how to tie shoelaces. It is resistant to amnesia.
程序性记忆：对技能和动作的记忆，通常无法有意识地回忆。例如系鞋带。它对遗忘症有抵抗力。
4. Psychological Problems: Symptoms of Depression & Addiction | 心理问题：抑郁与成瘾的症状
Unipolar depression is characterised by emotional, cognitive, and behavioural symptoms. Addiction involves physical dependence, psychological dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal.
单相抑郁的特征包括情绪、认知和行为症状。成瘾则涉及生理依赖、心理依赖、耐受性和戒断反应。
Memory trick for depression: 'MICE' — Mood (low mood), Interest (loss of interest), Concentration (poor concentration), Energy (fatigue). Then add the emotional/cognitive/behavioural layers.
抑郁症状的记忆技巧：'MICE'（老鼠）—— 情绪低落（Mood）、兴趣丧失（Interest）、注意力不集中（Concentration）、精力不足（Energy）。再叠加情绪/认知/行为层面。
Key depression symptoms: Emotional — persistent sadness, feelings of worthlessness. Behavioural — reduced activity, social withdrawal. Cognitive — negative thoughts about self, world, future (Beck’s negative triad).
关键抑郁症状：情绪——持续悲伤，无价值感。行为——活动减少，社交退缩。认知——对自己、世界和未来的消极想法（贝克的消极认知三件套）。
Addiction mnemonic: 'WIND' — Withdrawal, Increased tolerance, (psychological) Need, Dependence (physical). Or simply 'WIT-DD': Withdrawal, Ignoring harmful effects, Tolerance, Dependence, Diminished social life.
成瘾助记：'WIND'（风）——戒断（Withdrawal）、耐受性增加（Increased tolerance）、（心理）需求（Need）、依赖（Dependence）。或者使用 'WIT-DD'：戒断（Withdrawal）、忽视危害（Ignoring harmful effects）、耐受性（Tolerance）、依赖（Dependence）、社交减少（Diminished social life）。
Physical dependence: body adapts to drug, causing withdrawal symptoms when stopped. Psychological dependence: compulsion to use for emotional relief. Tolerance: needing more for the same effect.
生理依赖：身体适应了药物，停药时出现戒断症状。心理依赖：为了情绪缓解而强迫性使用。耐受性：需要更大剂量才能达到相同效果。
5. The Brain & Neuropsychology: Key Brain Areas & Their Functions | 大脑与神经心理学：关键脑区及其功能
The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Each has specialised functions, and damage leads to specific deficits.
大脑皮层分为四个叶：额叶、顶叶、枕叶和颞叶。每个叶都有专门的功能，受损会导致特定的缺陷。
Memory trick: 'F-POT' — Frontal (thinking, personality), Parietal (touch, spatial), Occipital (visual processing), Temporal (auditory, memory). Imagine a flowery POT with F letters around it.
记忆技巧：'F-POT'（花盆）—— 额叶（Frontal，思维、人格），顶叶（Parietal，触觉、空间），枕叶（Occipital，视觉处理），颞叶（Temporal，听觉、记忆）。想象一个带字母 F 环绕的花盆。
ted in left frontal lobe, responsible for speech production. Damage causes Broca’s aphasia — broken, effortful speech but comprehension intact. Remember 'Broca = broken speech'.
布罗卡区：位于左额叶，负责语言表达。受损导致布罗卡失语症——言语断裂、费力，但理解力完好。记住“布罗卡 = 破碎的语言”。
ft temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension. Damage causes Wernicke’s aphasia — fluent but meaningless speech, poor comprehension. Remember 'Wernicke = word salad'.
韦尼克区：左颞叶，负责语言理解。受损导致韦尼克失语症——语言流利但毫无意义，理解困难。记住“韦尼克 = 词汇沙拉”。
Cerebellum: coordinates movement, balance, and motor skills. Visualise a 'bell' s that dances smoothly. Medulla oblongata: controls vital reflexes like heartbeat and breathing. Think 'medulla = must live'.
小脑：协调运动、平衡和运动技能。想象一个平稳跳舞的“小铃铛”。延髓：控制心跳、呼吸等生命反射。记忆：“延髓 = 必须活命”。
6. Social Influence: Conformity, Obedience & Minority Influence | 社会影响：从众、服从与少数派影响
Conformity is yielding to group pressure and can be normative (to fit in) or informational (to be correct). Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure.
从众是屈从于群体压力，可能是规范性的（为了被接纳）或信息性的（为了正确）。服从则是听从权威人物的直接命令。
Memory trick: 'COAST' — ing, etc. But better to separate: Conformity = Asch’s lines, Obedience = Milgram’s shocks.
记忆技巧：'COAST'（海岸）—— 从众：阿希的线段判断实验；服从：权威人物（米尔格拉姆）。但更好分开记忆：从众 = 阿希的线段，服从 = 米尔格拉姆的电击。
Normative social influence: conforming to be liked and avoid rejection. Informational social influence: conforming because we believe others know better, occurring in ambiguous situations.
规范性社会影响：为了被喜欢和避免拒绝而从众。信息性社会影响：因为我们相信他人知道得更多而从众，发生在模糊情境中。
Obedience factors: proximity of authority, uniform, location authority perceived to be legitimate. Use 'P.U.L.' — Proximity, Uniform, Location.
服从因素：权威的接近性、制服、权威机构的合法性。用 'P.U.L.' 记忆：接近性（Proximity）、制服（Uniform）、地点（Location）。
Minority influence: a small group changes majority opinion. Key factors: consistency (saying the same over time), commitment (sometimes suffered for cause, augmentation principle), and flexibility (not dogmatic). Acronym 'CCF' — Consistency, Commitment, Flexibility.
少数派影响：少数群体改变多数派观点。关键因素：一致性（始终保持相同观点）、承诺（有时为事业受苦，扩大原则）、灵活性（不教条）。缩略词 'CCF' —— 一致性（Consistency）、承诺（Commitment）、灵活性（Flexibility）。
7. Research Methods: Experimental Designs | 研究方法：实验设计
There are three main experimental designs: Independent groups, Repeated measures, and Matched pairs. Each has strengths and limitations regarding participant variables and order effects.
有三种主要的实验设计：独立组设计、重复测量设计和匹配对设计。每种在参与者变量和顺序效应方面各有优劣。
Memory trick: 'IRM' — Independent groups (I), Repeated measures (R), Matched pairs (M). Visualise 'IRM' as 'I Remember Methods'. For characteristics, the key issue: Independent groups need random allocation to control participant variables; Repeated measures introduce order effects controlled by counterbalancing; Matched pairs require pre-testing to match, reducing participant variables but expensive.
记忆技巧：'IRM' —— 独立组（Independent）、重复测量（Repeated）、匹配对（Matched）。把 'IRM' 想象成 'I Remember Methods'（我记得方法）。特征方面，核心问题：独立组需要随机分配来控制参与者变量；重复测量引入顺序效应，要用平衡法控制；匹配对需要前测配对，减少参与者变量但成本高。
Independent groups: different participants in each condition. Evaluation: avoids order effects, but participant variables may differ between groups. Use random allocation.
独立组设计：每个条件下使用不同的参与者。评价：避免了顺序效应，但组间参与者变量可能不同。使用随机分配。
Repeated measures: same participants in all conditions. Evaluation: controls participant variables, but may suffer order effects (fatigue, practice). Use counterbalancing (ABBA).
重复测量设计：同一组参与者完成所有条件。评价：控制参与者变量，但可能受顺序效应影响（疲劳、练习效应）。使用平衡法（ABBA 设计）。
Matched pairs: different but matched participants according to key traits. Evaluation: reduces participant variables without order effects, but matching is difficult and time-consuming.
匹配对设计：根据关键特征将不同参与者进行配对。评价：减少参与者变量且无顺序效应，但配对困难且耗时。
8. Ethics: Key Principles and How to Remember Them | 伦理：关键原则及其记忆方法
Psychological research must follow ethical guidelines to protect participants. The British Psychological Society (BPS) sets out principles including informed consent, deception avoidance, debriefing, right to withdraw, confidentiality, and protection from harm.
心理学研究必须遵循伦理准则以保护参与者。英国心理学学会（BPS）规定了包括知情同意、避免欺骗、事后解释、退出权、保密和避免伤害在内的原则。
Memory trick: 'CANDAR' — Consent (informed), Anonymity/Confidentiality, No undue harm, Deception (should be avoided or justified with debrief), Allow withdrawal, Right to be debriefed. Or 'Can Dogs Always Run?' — Consent, Deception, Anonymity, Right to withdraw.
记忆技巧：'CANDAR' —— 知情同意（Consent）、匿名/保密（Anonymity/Confidentiality）、无不当伤害（No undue harm）、欺骗（Deception，应避免或合理解释并事后解释）、允许退出（Allow withdrawal）、有权事后解释（Right to debrief）。或使用 'Can Dogs Always Run?' —— 同意（Consent）、欺骗（Deception）、匿名（Anonymity）、退出权（Right to withdraw）。
Informed consent: participants must be given enough information to decide freely. For children, parental consent required.
知情同意：必须向参与者提供足够信息以让他们自由决定。对于儿童，需要父母同意。
Deception: should be avoided. If necessary, a full debrief must follow, explaining true aims and offering withdrawal.
欺骗：应避免。如有必要，事后必须进行完整的事后解释，说明真实目的并提供退出机会。
Protection from harm: participants should leave the study in the same physical and psychological state as they entered.
避免伤害：参与者参与研究后的身体和心理状态应与参与前相同。
Confidentiality: data must not be shared in a way that identifies individuals; numbers or pseudonyms are used.
保密：数据不得以能识别参与者的方式分享；使用编号或化名。
9. Hypotheses: Directional vs Non-directional | 假设：方向性与非方向性假设
A hypothesis is a precise, testable statement predicting the outcome of a study. It can be directional (one-tailed) or non-directional (two-tailed).
假设是对研究结果进行预测的精确、可检验的陈述。它可以是方向性的（单尾）或非方向性的（双尾）。
Memory trick: Directional = predicts the direction of difference (e.g., 'Group A will score higher than Group B'). Non-directional = simply predicts a difference, but not the direction ('There will be a difference in scores between groups'). Think 'direct' gives a concrete direction, while 'non' says 'I don't know which way'.
记忆技巧：方向性假设预测差异的方向（例如，“A 组成绩高于 B 组”）。非方向性假设仅预测存在差异，但不指定方向（“两组之间的分数会有差异”）。想象“direct”（直接）给出具体方向，而“non”则表示“我不知道是哪个方向”。
Use a directional hypothesis when previous research strongly suggests a direction. Use non-directional when no clear evidence supports a particular direction.
当先前研究强烈提示某个方向时，使用方向性假设。当没有明确证据支持特定方向时，使用非方向性假设。
Example directional: 'Adolescents who play violent video games will show a higher aggression score than those who play non-violent games.' Non-directional: 'There will be a difference in aggression scores between adolescents playing violent and non-violent video games.'
方向性假设示例：“玩暴力电子游戏的青少年比玩非暴力游戏的青少年表现出更高的攻击性分数。”非方向性：“玩暴力和非暴力电子游戏的青少年在攻击性分数上存在差异。”
Operationalising the variables turns abstract concepts (IV and DV) into measurable quantities. Always check your hypothesis includes operationalised IV and DV.
操作化变量把抽象概念（自变量和因变量）转变成可测量的量。务必检查假设中是否包含操作化的自变量和因变量。
10. Sampling Methods: How to Remember Strengths & Weaknesses | 抽样方法：如何记忆优缺点
Four main sampling methods: Random, Opportunity, Volunteer, and Stratified (ROVS). Each differs in representativeness and potential bias.
四种主要抽样方法：随机抽样、便利抽样、自愿抽样和分层抽样（ROVS）。各方法在代表性和潜在偏差方面不同。
Memory trick: 'ROVS' — Random (every has equal chance), Opportunity (whoever is available), Volunteer (self-selecting), Stratified (proportional subgroups). Visualise a person called ROVS fishing for participants.
记忆技巧：'ROVS' —— 随机（Random，每人机会均等），便利（Opportunity，谁方便就用谁），自愿（Volunteer，自我选择），分层（Stratified，按比例的子群）。想象一个叫 ROVS 的人在“钓”参与者。
Random sampling: all members of target population have equal chance of selection, e.g., drawing names from a hat. Least biased, but not guaranteed to be representative. Requires full list of population.
随机抽样：目标总体中每个成员被选中的概率相等，如从帽子里抽名字。偏差最小，但不一定能保证代表性。需要完整的总体名单。
Opportunity sampling: using people who are readily available, e.g., students in same class. Quick and easy, but likely biased (not representative).
便利抽样：使用容易接触到的人，例如同班学生。快捷方便，但很可能有偏差（代表性差）。
Volunteer sampling: participants choose to respond to an advert. Can reach specialised groups, but volunteers may differ from general population (volunteer bias).
自愿抽样：参与者主动响应招募广告。可以接触到特定群体，但志愿者可能与一般人群不同（志愿者偏差）。
Stratified sampling: identify subgroups, then randomly select proportional numbers from each. Very representative, but time-consuming and requires detailed knowledge of population structure.
分层抽样：确定子群，然后从每个子群中按比例随机选择。代表性非常好，但耗时，需要详细了解总体结构。
11. Data Handling: Descriptive Statistics — Mean, Median, Mode, Range | 数据处理：描述统计——平均数、中位数、众数、全距
Descriptive statistics summarise data. The mean is the mathematical average; median is the middle score; mode is the most frequent score; range is the spread between highest and lowest.
描述统计概括数据特征。平均数是数学平均数；中位数是最中间的数值；众数是频次最高的数值；全距是最高值与最低值之间的差值。
Memory trick: 'MMMR' sounds like 'memory' vity, mean uses all values but is affected by outliers; median is unaffected by outliers but ignores extreme values; mode is crude but quick. Use the context: skewed distribution -> median; normal distribution -> mean.
记忆技巧：'MMMR' 听起来像 'memory'（记忆）。平均数（Mean）：全部加起来除以数量。中位数（Median）：排序后取中间。众数（Mode）：最常见值。全距（Range）：分布广度。敏感性方面：平均数使用所有数值但受极端值影响；中位数不受极端值影响但忽略极值；众数粗糙但快捷。根据背景选择：偏态分布用中位数；正态分布用平均数。
= 5; Range = 10-2 = 8. If we replace 10 with 100, mean becomes huge (23), median still 5.
示例：数据 2, 3, 5, 5, 10。平均数 = 25/5 = 5；中位数 = 5；众数 = 5；全距 = 10-2 = 8。如果把 10 换成 100，平均数变成 23，中位数仍是 5。
Remember: range alone is just a measure of spread, not dispersion around the average. Standard deviation is better but not required at Year 10.
记住：全距仅仅是测量离散程度的指标，而不是围绕平均数的离散程度。标准差更好，但 Year 10 不作要求。
12. Memory: Amnesia — Anterograde vs Retrograde | 记忆：遗忘症——顺行性与逆行性
Amnesia is a loss of memory often caused by brain injury or disease. Two main types: anterograde amnesia (can't form new memories after trauma) and retrograde amnesia (can't recall memories formed before trauma).
遗忘症通常由脑损伤或疾病引起，导致记忆丧失。主要分为两种：顺行性遗忘症（创伤后无法形成新记忆）和逆行性遗忘症（无法回忆起创伤前形成的记忆）。
Memory trick: 'Ant' = after, 'Retro' = before. 'Antero-' sounds like 'anterior' (front), so after the event you can't move forward to create new memories. 'Retro' like 'retro fashion' looks back to the past.
记忆技巧：'Ant'（蚂蚁）表示之后，'Retro'（复古）表示之前。'Antero-' 听起来像“前”，意为事件之后你无法向前形成新记忆。'Retro' 就像复古时尚一样回顾过去。
Anterograde amnesia is famously studied in patient HM, who could not form new episodic or semantic memories after surgery to remove hippocampus, but could learn new skills (procedural memory) showing distinction between LTM types.
著名的顺行性遗忘症病例 HM，在移除海马体后无法形成新的情景或语义记忆，但仍能学习新技能（程序性记忆），显示了长时记忆类型的区别。
Retrograde amnesia involves losing past memories, often for a period before the trauma. It can be temporary and shrinks over time, with earlier memories returning first.
逆行性遗忘症涉及失去创伤前的一段记忆。它可能是暂时性的，随着时间推移范围缩小，较早的记忆先恢复。
Use the analogy: anterograde amnesia is like a broken 'save' button — you can't store new data. Retrograde amnesia is like a deleted file from before the crash.
用类比记忆：顺行性遗忘症就像“保存”按钮坏了——无法存储新数据。逆行性遗忘症就像崩溃前被删除的文件。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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