📚 Year 10 Edexcel Economics: Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | Year 10 Edexcel 经济：单元测试模拟卷解析
Unit tests in Year 10 Edexcel Economics are designed to check your understanding of foundational concepts such as scarcity, opportunity cost, markets, and elasticity. This walkthrough breaks down a typical mock paper, explaining how to approach each question and reinforcing the key theories you need to master.
Year 10 Edexcel 经济学的单元测试旨在检验你对稀缺性、机会成本、市场与弹性等基本概念的理解。本文通过解析一套典型的模拟试卷，详细说明每道题的解题思路，并巩固你必须掌握的核心理论。
1. Understanding Scarcity and Choice | 理解稀缺性与选择
A typical multiple‑choice question might ask: “What is the fundamental economic problem?” The correct answer is scarcity – unlimited human wants but limited resources. This forces individuals, firms and governments to make choices about what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce. Without scarcity, economics would not exist as a subject.
一道典型的选择题可能会问：“基本经济问题是什么？”正确答案是稀缺性——无限的人类需求与有限的资源。这迫使个人、企业和政府在生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产上做出选择。没有稀缺性，经济学这门学科就不会存在。
2. Calculating Opportunity Cost with Real Examples | 机会成本的计算与实例
Consider a question: “A student has £30 and can buy either a revision guide or a concert ticket. He chooses the revision guide. What is the opportunity cost?” The opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone – the concert ticket. It is not the money spent, but the satisfaction (utility) lost from the next best option.
设想一道题：“一名学生有30英镑，可以买一本复习指南或一张音乐会门票。他选择了复习指南。机会成本是什么？”机会成本是被放弃的次优选择——音乐会门票。它不是花掉的钱，而是从次优选项中失去的满足感（效用）。
3. Factors of Production: Identifying Land, Labour, Capital, and Enterprise | 生产要素：识别土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能
You may be asked to classify resources. Land includes all natural resources (forests, oil, sea). Labour is human effort. Capital is man‑made goods used in production (machinery, factory buildings). Enterprise is the ability to combine the other three factors and take risks. Remember: money itself is not capital; it is a medium of exchange.
题目可能要求你对资源进行分类。土地包括所有自然资源（森林、石油、海洋）。劳动是人的努力。资本是用于生产的人造物品（机器、厂房）。企业家才能是组合其他三种要素并承担风险的能力。记住：金钱本身不是资本，它是交换媒介。
4. Production Possibility Curves (PPC) and Efficiency | 生产可能性边界与效率
A common diagram‑based question shows a PPC. A point inside the curve indicates unemployed resources or inefficiency. A point outside is currently unattainable. An outward shift of the PPC represents economic growth, caused by an increase in the quantity or quality of factors of production, or technological progress.
一道常见的图表题会给出生产可能性边界（PPC）。曲线内侧的点表示资源未充分利用或低效率。曲线外侧的点是当前无法达到的。PPC向外移动代表经济增长，由生产要素数量或质量的提升，或技术进步引起。
5. The Law of Demand and Shifts in the Demand Curve | 需求定律与需求曲线移动
A structured question often asks you to distinguish between a movement along the demand curve and a shift. A movement along is caused by a change in the good’s own price (contraction or extension). A shift occurs when a non‑price determinant changes, such as income, tastes, or the price of substitutes.
结构化的试题经常要求你区分沿需求曲线的移动和需求曲线的平移。沿曲线移动由商品自身价格变化引起（收缩或扩张）。当非价格决定因素变化时，如收入、偏好或替代品价格，需求曲线就会发生平移。
| Movement along D | Shift of D |
| Caused by a change in own price | Caused by income, advertising, substitutes, etc. |
| Price up → contraction; price down → extension | Rightward shift = increase in demand at every price |
（中文对照）沿需求曲线移动：由自身价格变化引起；涨价→需求量收缩，降价→需求量扩张。需求曲线平移：由收入、广告、替代品价格等变化引起；向右平移意味着在每一价格水平下需求都增加了。
6. The Law of Supply and Factors Shifting Supply | 供给定律与供给移动因素
Similarly, a shift of the supply curve is caused by changes in costs of production, technology, indirect taxes, subsidies, or the number of firms. For example, a government subsidy to solar panel producers reduces their costs, causing the supply curve to shift to the right.
同样，供给曲线的平移由生产成本、技术、间接税、补贴或企业数量的变化引起。例如，政府对太阳能板生产商提供补贴，降低了他们的成本，导致供给曲线向右平移。
7. Market Equilibrium and the Price Mechanism | 市场均衡与价格机制
A typical 6‑mark question: “Explain how an increase in the popularity of cycling affects the market for bicycles.” The demand curve shifts right, creating excess demand at the original price. This pushes the price up, signalling producers to supply more (extension of supply) and rationing some consumers (contraction of demand) until a new equilibrium is reached.
典型的6分题：“解释骑自行车热度上升如何影响自行车市场。”需求曲线向右移动，在原价格下产生超额需求。这会推高价格，向生产者发出增产信号（供给扩张），并使一部分消费者退出（需求收缩），直到达到新的均衡。
8. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) – Calculation and Interpretation | 需求价格弹性（PED）计算与解读
Calculation question: “A cinema raises the ticket price from £8 to £10, and daily tickets sold fall from 200 to 160. Calculate PED.” Use the formula:
PED = (%ΔQd) ÷ (%ΔP)
Step 1: %ΔQd = ((160−200) ÷ 200) × 100% = −20%. Step 2: %ΔP = ((10−8) ÷ 8) × 100% = +25%. Step 3: PED = −20% ÷ 25% elatively unresponsive to price changes, and total revenue will increase when price rises.
计算题：“电影院把票价从£8提高到£10，日售票量从200张下降到160张。计算PED。”使用公式 PED = (%ΔQd) ÷ (%ΔP)。第1步：需求量变动% = −20%。第2步：价格变动% = +25%。第3步：PED = −0.8。忽略负号，PED = 0.8（缺乏弹性）。这意味着需求量对价格变化相对不敏感，提价后总收入会增加。
9. Mixed Economy and Government Intervention | 混合经济与政府干预
Why does the government provide street lighting? Street lighting is a public good – it is non‑excludable and non‑rivalrous. The free market would under‑provide it because firms cannot easily charge users. Government intervention corrects this market failure and improves social welfare.
为什么政府要提供路灯照明？路灯是公共物品——具有非排他性和非竞争性。自由市场会供给不足，因为企业难以向使用者收费。政府干预可以纠正这一市场失灵，提高社会福利。
10. Externalities and Market Failure | 外部性与市场失灵
A typical case‑study question: “Explain how cigarette consumption leads to market failure.” Cigarette smoking generates negative consumption externalities. The private cost to the smoker is lower than the social cost (including passive smoking, healthcare burdens). The free market over‑consumes cigarettes because consumers ignore the external costs, leading to a welfare loss.
典型的案例分析题：“解释吸烟消费如何导致市场失灵。”吸烟会产生消费的负外部性。吸烟者的私人成本低于社会成本（包括二手烟、医疗负担）。自由市场下吸烟者忽视外部成本，导致过度消费，造成社会福利损失。
11. Data Response Question Techniques | 数据分析题答题技巧
For a 12‑mark “discuss” question (e.g., “Evaluate the use of a sugar tax to reduce obesity”), always follow a structure: Define key terms (sugar tax, negative externality). Draw a correctly labelled diagram showing the tax shifting supply left, raising price and reducing quantity. Analyse both advantages (reduces consumption, raises government revenue for health campaigns) and disadvantages (regressive impact on low‑income households, possible black market). Evaluate by weighing the long‑term health benefits against the short‑term costs, and justify a final judgement.
面对12分的“讨论”题（如“评估糖税对减少肥胖的作用”），一定要遵循以下结构：定义关键词（糖税、负外部性）。绘制正确标注的图表，显示税收使供给左移，价格上升，数量下降。分析优点（减少消费，为健康运动增加政府收入）和缺点（对低收入家庭负担重，可能催生黑市）。评价时要权衡长期健康收益与短期代价，并给出有依据的最终判断。
12. Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them | 常见错误与对策
Students often confuse a shift of the demand curve with a movement along. Remember: a price change causes movement; anything else causes a shift. When calculating PED, always present the final value as positive (ignore the minus sign) but show the working. For opportunity cost, state the next best option, not the money spent. In data response, support every point with evidence from the extract and label diagrams fully.
学生常混淆需求曲线的平移与沿曲线移动。记住：价格变化导致移动，其他因素导致平移。计算PED时，最终结果取绝对值（忽略负号），但要展示计算过程。回答机会成本时，要指明次优选择，而不是花掉的钱。在数据分析题中，每个观点都要引用材料中的证据，并为图表完整标注。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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