📚 Year 10 Edexcel Science: Vocabulary Fast-Track Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Success in Year 10 Edexcel Science depends on a solid grasp of subject-specific terminology. Across Biology, Chemistry and Physics, key words act as gateways to understanding exam questions and building accurate written answers. This guide breaks down the most important terms you will meet during your course, pairing every definition with a memorable mnemonic, acronym or visual trick to help you recall them quickly under pressure. Work through each section actively – say the terms aloud, sketch the diagrams and test yourself on the explanations.
想在 Year 10 Edexcel 科学中取得好成绩，必须熟练掌握学科专业术语。在生物学、化学和物理学中，关键词汇是理解考题和构建准确答案的钥匙。本指南拆解了你在课程中最常遇到的核心术语，为每个定义配上好记的助记符、首字母口诀或图像联想，帮助你在考试压力下迅速回忆。请积极学习每个小节 —— 大声读出术语、画出简图并自我检测。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
All living organisms are made of cells. In animal cells the essential organelles are the nucleus (contains DNA and controls activities), cytoplasm (site of most chemical reactions), cell membrane (selectively permeable barrier), mitochondria (where aerobic respiration releases energy) and ribosomes (protein synthesis). Plant cells share these but also possess a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts that absorb light for photosynthesis.
所有生物都由细胞构成。动物细胞中不可或缺的细胞器有：细胞核（含 DNA 并控制细胞活动）、细胞质（大部分化学反应发生处）、细胞膜（选择透过性屏障）、线粒体（进行有氧呼吸释放能量）以及核糖体（合成蛋白质）。植物细胞同样具有这些结构，但还拥有坚硬的纤维素细胞壁、充满细胞液的大液泡和吸收光能进行光合作用的叶绿体。
Use the mnemonic 'Nelly's Cat Mates My Rat' for animal organelles: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes. For plant extras think 'Charles Can Violently Play': Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Vacuole, Permanent. Always recall that mitochondria are often described as the 'powerhouse' of the cell because they produce ATP.
用口诀 'Nelly's Cat Mates My Rat' 记住动物细胞器：细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体、核糖体。植物附加部分用 'Charles Can Violently Play'：细胞壁、叶绿体、液泡、永久。始终记得线粒体常被称为细胞的“能量工厂”，因为它产生 ATP。
2. Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport | 扩散、渗透与主动运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. It is a passive process that does not require energy. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion: the net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, using energy from respiration (ATP). Carrier proteins in the cell membrane are essential for active transport.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，直至达到平衡。它是一个被动过程，不需要能量。渗透是扩散的一种特殊情况：水分子通过部分透性膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液的净移动。主动运输逆浓度梯度进行，将物质从低浓度区运往高浓度区，并利用呼吸作用释放的能量（ATP）。细胞膜上的载体蛋白对主动运输至关重要。
To keep them apart remember: 'Diffusion spreads out, Osmosis waters a salt, Active uses ATP.' Visualise particles drifting like perfume in a room (diffusion), water moving into salty potato cells (osmosis), and a pump working against the crowd (active transport). The phrase 'water follows salt' is a classic shortcut for osmosis.
要区分它们请记住：“扩散是散开，渗透是水拉盐，主动运输烧 ATP。”想象粒子像香水在房间飘散（扩散），水分渗入咸味的马铃薯细胞（渗透），以及一台泵逆着人流工作（主动运输）。短语“水跟盐走”是渗透的经典捷径。
3. Enzymes: Biological Catalysts | 酶：生物催化剂
Enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being used up. They are highly specific due to their active site, which has a complementary shape to the substrate. This is described by the lock-and-key model. Factors such as temperature and pH affect enzyme activity: at the optimum temperature or pH, rate of reaction is highest. Extremes can cause denaturation – a permanent change in the active site shape – so the substrate no longer fits and the enzyme stops working.
酶是加速生化反应而自身不被消耗的蛋白质。它们因活性位点与底物在形状上互补而具有高度专一性，这可以用锁钥模型来描述。温度和 pH 等因素影响酶活性：在最适温度或 pH 下，反应速率最高。极端的温度或 pH 可导致变性 —— 活性位点形状永久改变 —— 底物不再契合，酶便失效。
Think of an enzyme like a tiny Pac-Man: the active site is the mouth that only fits a specific substrate 'dot'. The mnemonic for lock-and-key: 'Lock (enzyme) accepts only one key (substrate)'. A useful reminder for denaturation is 'Break the lock, lose the key'. Remember that human enzymes work best at around 37 °C.
把酶想象成小型吃豆人：活性位点是嘴巴，只能咬合特定的底物“豆子”。锁钥模型的助记符：“锁（酶）只接受特定的钥匙（底物）”。记住变性：“锁坏了，钥匙没用了。”人类酶的最适温度约为 37 °C。
4. Photosynthesis Equation and Key Terms | 光合作用方程式与关键术语
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction in which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Chlorophyll, found in chloroplasts, absorbs the light energy. The overall word equation is carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, and the balanced symbol equation is shown below.
光合作用是一个吸热反应，植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气。位于叶绿体中的叶绿素吸收光能。总文字方程式为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，平衡符号方程式如下所示。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
A classic mnemonic for the equation is 'Six Carbon dioxide and Six Water make Sugar and Six Oxygen'. You can also use the ridiculous phrase 'Christine Hates Green Oranges' to recall that Chloroplasts and light make Glucose and Oxygen. Remember that photosynthesis stores energy in chemical bonds, so it is endothermic.
方程式的经典助记法是“六个二氧化碳和六个水造出糖和六个氧气”。你也可以用滑稽短语“Christine Hates Green Oranges”来回忆叶绿体利用光能制造葡萄糖和氧气。记住光合作用把能量储存在化学键中，所以是吸热过程。
5. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration | 有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸
Respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose, and it occurs in every living cell. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases a large amount of energy: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water. Anaerobic respiration happens when oxygen is limited. In animal cells it produces lactic acid, causing muscle fatigue. In yeast and plants, anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation).
呼吸作用是从葡萄糖释放能量的过程，发生在每个活细胞中。有氧呼吸利用氧气并释放大量能量：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。无氧呼吸在氧气不足时发生。动物细胞中它产生乳酸，导致肌肉疲劳；在酵母和植物中，无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。
To remember the two pathways: 'With Oxygen, Waste is Water and CO₂; Without, Lactic acid makes your legs Lose power.' For fermentation, associate yeast with baking and beer – ethanol and CO₂ make bread rise. The balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis, so knowing one helps recall the other.
记住这两条途径：“有氧则废物是水和二氧化碳；无氧则乳酸让你腿软。”提到发酵时，把酵母与烘烤和酿酒联系起来 —— 乙醇和二氧化碳让面包膨胀。有氧呼吸的平衡符号方程式是光合作用的逆反应，所以掌握一个就能回想起另一个。
6. Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures | 原子、元素、化合物与混合物
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can still take part in chemical reactions. Each element consists of just one type of atom and is listed on the Periodic Table. A compound contains two or more different elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions. A mixture is made of different substances that are not chemically bonded, so they can be separated by physical techniques such as filtration or distillation. Subatomic particles are protons (positive), neutrons (neutral) and electrons (negative).
原子是元素中能参与化学反应的最小粒子。每种元素仅由一种原子构成，列于元素周期表中。化合物由两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合而成。混合物由不同的物质组成，它们之间没有化学键结合，因此可以通过过滤、蒸馏等物理方法分离。亚原子粒子包括质子（带正电）、中子（不带电）和电子（带负电）。
Use 'Protons are Positive' to recall charge. The number of protons determines the element. A neat way to distinguish compound from mixture: 'Compounds Cling, Mixtures Mingle'. Think of water (H₂O) as a compound – always two hydrogens bonded to one oxygen. Air is a mixture of gases, each retaining its own properties.
用“质子正性”来记忆电荷。质子数决定了元素种类。区分化合物和混合物：'化合物搂抱，混合物串门'。把水（H₂O）看作化合物 —— 总是两个氢与一个氧键合。空气是气体的混合物，每种气体保持自身性质。
7. Ionic and Covalent Bonding | 离子键与共价键
Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal atoms: electrons are transferred, forming positive cations and negative anions. The strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions holds giant ionic lattices together. Covalent bonding occurs between two non-metal atoms that share pairs of electrons to achieve a full outer shell. Simple molecular substances like water have strong covalent bonds within molecules but weak intermolecular forces, resulting in low melting and boiling points. Giant covalent structures such as diamond and graphite have network of strong bonds throughout, giving them very high melting points.
离子键出现在金属和非金属原子之间：电子发生转移，形成带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子。相反电荷离子之间的强静电引力将巨大的离子晶格维系在一起。共价键出现在两个非金属原子之间，它们通过共用电子对达成满壳层结构。像水这样的简单分子物质，分子内共价键很强，但分子间作用力弱，因此熔点和沸点较低。巨型共价结构如金刚石和石墨整体由强键网络构成，熔点极高。
For ionic bonding think 'I transfer electrons to an Ion'. For covalent, 'Co-valent means Sharing is caring'. The phrase 'Metal + Non-metal = Ions' works reliably. Use the mnemonic 'Cats lose electrons, Anions gain' member diamond as a 3D hard network, graphite as slippery layers that conduct electricity.
对离子键，联想“我转移电子变成离子”。对共价键，“共价意味着共享即关爱”。“金属 + 非金属 = 离子”这条规则很可靠。用口诀“阳丢失，阴获得”（阳离子 positive，阴离子 negative）。金刚石和石墨均由纯碳组成但结构不同；记住金刚石是坚硬的立体网络，石墨是滑腻的、能导电的层状结构。
8. Conservation of Mass and Balancing Equations | 质量守恒与配平方程式
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that no atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only rearranged. Therefore the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. When writing symbol equations, we balance them by placing large numbers before formulas to ensure the same number of each type of atom appears on both sides. Apparent mass changes in open systems are often due to a gas entering or escaping.
质量守恒定律指出，在化学反应中原子不会被创造或毁灭，只会重新排列。因此反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。书写符号方程式时，我们在化学式前配上大数，使各类原子在反应前后的数目相同。开放体系中表观质量的变化通常是因为气体进入或逸出。
A simple checkpoint: 'What goes in must come out – just rearranged.' To balance equations like H₂ + O₂ → H₂O, count atoms first and then adjust coefficients. A mnemonic: 'Molecules react, atoms just switch seats'. Always check that the number of each element is identical on both sides.
一个简单的检验：“进去的必定出来 —— 只是重新排列。” 平衡像 H₂ + O₂ → H₂O 这样的方程式时，先计算原子数，再调整系数。助记语：“分子反应，原子只是换座位。”务必检查两侧每种元素的原子数目完全相同。
9. Reactivity Series and Displacement | 活动性顺序与置换反应
The reactivity series lists metals in order of their tendency to form positive ions and react. A common Edexcel order from most to least reactive is: potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, tin, lead, hydrogen, copper, silver, gold. Carbon and hydrogen are included as reference points. A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its compound. This is called a displacement reaction.
活动性顺序按金属形成阳离子的倾向大小排列。Edexcel 常见的顺序从最活泼到最不活泼为：钾、钠、锂、钙、镁、铝、碳、锌、铁、锡、铅、氢、铜、银、金。碳和氢作为参照点被列入。较活泼的金属能把较不活泼的金属从其化合物中置换出来，这叫做置换反应。
Learn the series with this story: 'Please Stop Calling Me A Cute Zebra In The Light – Hope Copper Silvers Gold' (Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold). The phrase 'More reactive kicks out less reactive' summarises displacement. Practical examples include zinc displacing copper from copper sulfate, turning the blue solution colourless as copper coats the zinc.
用这个故事记忆序列：“请别叫我可爱的斑马在光亮中 — 希望铜银金”（钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、碳、锌、铁、锡、铅、氢、铜、银、金）。口诀“强换弱”总结了置换反应。实际例子如锌从硫酸铜溶液中置换出铜，蓝色溶液褪色，铜覆盖在锌表面。
10. Forces, Acceleration and Newton's Laws | 力、加速度与牛顿定律
Forces can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. Newton's Second Law links unbalanced force, mass and acceleration: resultant force (
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