📚 Year 10 Edexcel Chemistry: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 10 Edexcel 化学：公式定理速查手册
This handy reference compiles all the essential formulas, equations, and key theorems you need for the Year 10 Edexcel Chemistry course. From mole calculations and bond energies to electrolysis half-equations and organic chemistry generalizations, this guide has you covered. Use it for quick revision to reinforce your understanding and boost your confidence before assessments.
本速查手册汇编了 Year 10 Edexcel 化学课程中所有必备的公式、方程式和重要定理。从摩尔计算、键能到电解半反应方程式，再到有机化学的规律总结，你都能在这里找到。用它快速复习，强化理解，并在考前倍增信心。
1. Relative Atomic Mass and Isotopes | 相对原子质量与同位素
The relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) of an element is the weighted average mass of its isotopes compared with 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It appears on the periodic table and is calculated using isotopic abundances.
元素的相对原子质量 (Aᵣ) 是其各同位素原子质量的加权平均值，与碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 进行比较得出。它出现在周期表中，通过同位素丰度计算得到。
The formula for calculating Aᵣ is:
计算公式为：
Aᵣ = Σ (isotopic abundance × mass number) / 100
For example, chlorine has two main isotopes: ⁷⁵Cl (75%) and ³⁷Cl (25%). Aᵣ = (75 × 35 + 25 × 37) / 100 = 35.5.
例如，氯有两种主要同位素：⁷⁵Cl (75%) 和 ³⁷Cl (25%)。Aᵣ = (75 × 35 + 25 × 37) / 100 = 35.5。
2. Mole Calculation Formulas | 摩尔计算公式
2 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant, Nₐ). Master these three foundational relationships.
摩尔是物质的量的 SI 单位。1 摩尔包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数, Nₐ）。请掌握以下三个基本关系。
Moles and mass (m = mass in grams, M = molar mass in g/mol):
摩尔与质量（m = 质量，单位克；M = 摩尔质量，单位 g/mol）：
n = m / M
Moles and number of particles (N = number of particles):
摩尔与微粒数（N = 微粒数目）：
n = N / Nₐ (Nₐ = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹)
Moles and concentration of solutions (c = concentration in mol/dm³, V = volume in dm³):
摩尔与溶液浓度（c = 浓度，单位 mol/dm³；V = 体积，单位 dm³）：
n = c × V
3. Concentration and Titration | 浓度与滴定
Concentration can be expressed either as molarity (mol/dm³) or as mass concentration (g/dm³). These two are linked by the molar mass M.
浓度可用物质的量浓度 (mol/dm³) 或质量浓度 (g/dm³) 表示。两者通过摩尔质量 M 关联。
c (mol/dm³) = n / V and c (g/dm³) = mass (g) / V (dm³)
For titration calculations involving an acid and a base that react in a 1:1 ratio, a simple formula applies:
对于酸和碱按 1:1 计量比反应时的滴定计算，可使用简化公式：
c₁V₁ = c₂V₂
When the stoichiometric ratio is not 1:1, use the general relationship:
若化学计量比不是 1:1，则使用通式：
(c₁ × V₁) / n₁ = (c₂ × V₂) / n₂
where n₁ and n₂ are the coefficients from the balanced equation.
其中 n₁ 和 n₂ 是配平方程式中相应物质的系数。
4. Gas Volumes | 气体体积公式
At room temperature and pressure (RTP, 20 °C and 1 atm), one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24 dm³ (or 24,000 cm³). This is the molar gas volume.
在常温常压下 (RTP, 20 °C, 1 atm)，1 摩尔任何气体所占的体积为 24 dm³（或 24000 cm³）。这就是气体摩尔体积。
V (dm³) = n × 24 or V (cm³) = n × 24,000
You can combine this with mass or concentration to find the volume of gas produced in a reaction. Always check the units and convert if necessary.
可将此公式与质量或浓度结合，求算反应生成的气体体积。务必核对单位，必要时进行换算。
5. Atom Economy and Percentage Yield | 原子经济性与产率
Percentage yield compares the actual amount of product obtained with the maximum theoretical amount. It measures the efficiency of a reaction procedure.
产率比较实际获得的产品量与理论最大量的比例，用于衡量反应流程的效率。
Percentage yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100
Atom economy evaluates how much of the reactants' atoms end up in the desired product, important for green chemistry.
原子经济性评估反应物有多少原子最终进入目标产物，是绿色化学的重要概念。
Atom economy = (Mᵣ of desired product / sum of Mᵣ of all products) × 100
Both are usually expressed as percentages. A high atom economy means less waste.
两者通常都以百分数表示。原子经济性越高，废弃物越少。
6. Bond Energy Calculations | 键能计算
Chemical reactions involve breaking bonds (endothermic) and forming new bonds (exothermic). The overall enthalpy change ΔH can be estimated using average bond energies.
化学反应涉及断键（吸热）和成键（放热）。总焓变 ΔH 可通过平均键能进行估算。
ΔH = Σ (bond energies of bonds broken) – Σ (bond energies of bonds formed)
For example, in the combustion of methane, CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O. Break: 4 C–H bonds and 2 O=O bonds. Form: 2 C=O bonds and 4 O–H bonds. A negative ΔH indicates an exothermic reaction, a positive ΔH an endothermic one.
例如甲烷燃烧：CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O。断裂：4 个 C–H 键和 2 个 O=O 键；形成：2 个 C=O 键和 4 个 O–H 键。ΔH 为负值表示放热反应，正值表示吸热反应。
7. Acids, Bases and pH | 酸、碱与 pH
An acid is a proton (H⁺) donor, and a base is a proton acceptor. Aqueous acids release H⁺ ions; alkalis are soluble bases that release OH⁻ ions.
酸是质子 (H⁺) 给予体，碱是质子接受体。酸在水溶液中释放 H⁺ 离子；碱是可溶的、释放 OH⁻ 离子的物质。
Neutralisation reaction: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
中和反应：H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
The pH scale ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), with 7 being neutral. For a monoprotic strong acid, the concentration of H⁺ is essentially the same as the acid concentration.
pH 标度范围从 0（强酸）至 14（强碱），7 为中性。对于一元强酸，H⁺ 浓度基本等于酸的浓度。
Common salt-forming general equation:
常见的成盐反应通式：
acid + base → salt + water
8. Electrolysis and Half Equations | 电解与半反应方程式
Electrolysis splits ionic compounds using direct current. Reduction (gain of electrons) occurs at the cathode (–), oxidation (loss of electrons) at the anode (+).
电解利用直流电分解离子化合物。阴极 (–) 发生还原（得电子），阳极 (+) 发生氧化（失电子）。
In molten ionic compounds, the metal cation is reduced and the non-metal anion is oxidized. Example with molten lead(II) bromide:
在熔融离子化合物中，金属阳离子被还原，非金属阴离子被氧化。以熔融溴化铅为例：
Cathode: Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb
Anode: 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻
In aqueous solutions, water may also be discharged. The product depends on the relative reactivity and concentration. You must write balanced half-equations showing electron transfer.
在水溶液中，水也可能放电。产物取决于相对活性和浓度。你必须写出显示电子转移的配平半反应方程式。
| Common half-equation | 类型 |
|---|---|
| 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂ | 还原 |
| 4OH⁻ → O₂ + 2H₂O + 4e⁻ | 氧化 |
| Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu | 还原 |
| 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻ | 氧化 |
9. Reactivity Series and Extraction | 金属活动性顺序与冶炼
The reactivity series ranks metals by their tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions. Metals higher in the series are more reactive and are extracted by electrolysis, while those lower can be extracted by reduction with carbon or occur native.
金属活动性顺序依据金属失去电子形成阳离子的倾向排列。越靠前的金属越活泼，需用电解冶炼；位置靠后的金属可用碳还原，甚至以单质形式存在。
| Metal (symbol) | 金属 (中文) | Extraction method |
|---|---|---|
| K | 钾 | Electrolysis of molten ore |
| Na | 钠 | Electrolysis of molten ore |
| Ca | 钙 | Electrolysis of molten ore |
| Mg | 镁 | Electrolysis of molten ore |
| Al | 铝 | Electrolysis of molten Al₂O₃ |
| C | 碳 (非金属) | Reduction agent for Zn, Fe, etc. |
| Zn | 锌 | Reduction by carbon |
| Fe | 铁 | Blast furnace (carbon reduction) |
| H | 氢 (非金属) | — |
| Cu | 铜 | Roasting, then carbon reduction |
| Ag | 银 | Occur native / by electrolysis |
| Au | 金 | Native metalA more reactive metal |
ll will displace a less reactive metal from its compound. For example: Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu.
活泼金属能将较不活泼金属从其化合物中置换出来。例如：Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu。
10. Organic Chemistry Basics | 有机化学基础
Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-based compounds. Homologous series share the same general formula and functional group, showing a gradual change in physical properties.
有机化学研究碳基化合物。同系物具有相同的通式和官能团，物理性质呈递变规律。
Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons): general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂. They undergo complete combustion to produce CO₂ and H₂O, and substitution reactions with halogens.
烷烃（饱和烃）：通式 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂。它们发生完全燃烧生成 CO₂ 和 H₂O，也可与卤素发生取代反应。
Alkenes (unsaturated, C=C double bond): general formula CₙH₂ₙ. They undergo addition reactions, e.g., with bromine water, turning it from orange to colourless. This is a test for unsaturation.
烯烃（不饱和，含 C=C 双键）：通式 CₙH₂ₙ。它们易发生加成反应，例如使溴水从橙色变为无色，常用于不饱和的检验。
Addition polymerisation: many alkene monomers join to form a saturated
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