📚 Year 10 WJEC Economics: Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | 年级10 WJEC经济：单元测试模拟卷解析
This article provides a detailed walkthrough of a mock unit test for Year 10 WJEC Economics, covering the core topics from the specification. Each section breaks down a typical exam question, offering model answers, key terminology, and examiner insights. The aim is to reinforce your understanding of fundamental economic concepts and sharpen your exam technique ahead of the real assessment.
本文详细解析了一份针对WJEC课程Year 10经济学的单元测试模拟卷，涵盖考试大纲中的核心主题。每个小节拆解一道典型考题，提供标准答案、关键术语和考官视角的点评，旨在巩固你对基本经济概念的理解，并在真实考试前磨练你的应试技巧。
1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Question: Define the basic economic problem of scarcity and give a real-world example. (2 marks)
问题：定义基本的经济问题——稀缺性，并给出一个现实世界的例子。（2分）
The fundamental economic problem is that resources are limited while human wants are infinite. Because we cannot have everything, societies and individuals must make choices about how to allocate scarce resources. For example, a government has a fixed budget and must choose between spending more on healthcare or on education – it cannot fund both fully due to scarcity.
基本的经济问题在于资源是有限的，而人类的欲望是无限的。由于我们无法拥有一切，社会和个人必须对如何分配稀缺资源做出选择。例如，政府有一笔固定的预算，必须在增加医疗保健支出和增加教育支出之间做出选择——由于稀缺性的存在，政府无法同时全额资助两者。
Examiner tip: Always link the definition directly to the concept of choice. A 2-mark question expects one mark for a clear definition and one mark for a relevant example. Avoid vague statements like ‘there is not enough money’ – instead use the terms ‘resources’ and ‘unlimited wants’.
考官提示：始终将定义与“选择”这一概念直接联系起来。2分题通常要求清晰的定义得1分，相关例子得1分。避免使用“钱不够”这样笼统的说法——而是要使用“资源”和“无限欲望”这些术语。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Question: Identify the four factors of production and provide an example of each. (4 marks)
问题：指出四种生产要素，并分别提供一个例子。（4分）
The four factors of production are land, labour, capital and enterprise. Land includes all natural resources, such as oil reserves or agricultural fields. Labour refers to the human workforce, for instance a teacher or a factory worker. Capital covers man-made goods used in production, like machinery, tools and factory buildings. Enterprise is the ability to bring the other three factors together to produce goods or services, typically shown by an entrepreneur starting a new business.
四种生产要素是土地、劳动、资本和企业家才能。土地包括所有自然资源，如石油储备或农田。劳动指人力资源，例如教师或工厂工人。资本涵盖用于生产的人造物品，如机器、工具和厂房。企业家才能是指将其他三种要素结合起来生产商品或服务的能力，通常由创办新企业的企业家来体现。
When answering, be precise: a lorry is capital, but the driver is labour. Avoid listing money as capital – in economics, capital refers to physical assets that can produce other goods.
答题时要精确：卡车是资本，但司机是劳动。避免将金钱列为资本——在经济学中，资本指能够生产其他商品的有形资产。
3. Opportunity Cost in Decision Making | 决策中的机会成本
Question: A student has £20 and can either buy a revision textbook or two cinema tickets. Explain the opportunity cost if the student chooses the textbook. (2 marks)
问题：一名学生有20英镑，可以买一本复习教材，或者买两张电影票。如果该学生选择买教材，请解释其中的机会成本。（2分）
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone. If the student buys the textbook, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment and leisure experience of watching two films at the cinema. In monetary terms, it is the £20 spent on cinema tickets that is given up, but the full concept includes the lost benefit of the alternative choice.
机会成本是指所放弃的次优选择的价值。如果该学生购买了教材，那么机会成本就是放弃观看两部电影所带来的享受和休闲体验。从货币角度看，机会成本是被放弃的20英镑电影票支出，但完整的概念还包括被放弃的那个选择所能带来的好处。
Many students confuse opportunity cost with the money spent. Make it clear that the money itself is not the cost – it is the satisfaction (utility) from the cinema trip that is sacrificed.
许多学生将机会成本与花掉的钱混淆。要明确，金钱本身并不是成本——真正被牺牲掉的是看电影所带来的满足感（效用）。
4. Demand and the Demand Curve | 需求与需求曲线
Question: Draw a demand curve for ice cream and explain the relationship between price and quantity demanded. (3 marks)
问题：画出冰淇淋的需求曲线，并解释价格与需求量之间的关系。（3分）
The demand curve slopes downwards from left to right, illustrating the law of demand: as the price of ice cream falls, the quantity demanded increases, and as price rises, quantity demanded falls. This inverse relationship exists because consumers’ purchasing power improves when prices drop, and they may also switch away from relatively more expensive substitutes.
需求曲线从左向右下方倾斜，体现了需求定律：当冰淇淋价格下降时，需求量增加；当价格上升时，需求量减少。这种反向关系存在的原因是，当价格下降时消费者的购买力提高，同时他们也可能从相对更昂贵的替代品转向购买冰淇淋。
In your diagram, label both axes correctly – ‘Price (£)’ on the vertical axis and ‘Quantity demanded (units)’ on the horizontal axis. Also note the difference between a movement along the demand curve (caused by a change in price) and a shift of the demand curve (caused by factors like income or advertising).
在图表中，要正确标记两条坐标轴——纵轴为“价格（英镑）”，横轴为“需求量（单位）”。同时要注意区分沿着需求曲线的移动（由价格变化引起）和需求曲线的平移（由收入或广告等因素引起）。
5. Supply and Market Equilibrium | 供给与市场均衡
Question: Using a demand and supply diagram, explain how a rise in the cost of cocoa affects the equilibrium price and quantity of chocolate. (4 marks)
问题：运用供求关系图，解释可可豆成本上升如何影响巧克力的均衡价格和数量。（4分）
An increase in the cost of cocoa – a key raw material – raises production costs for chocolate manufacturers. This leads to a leftward shift of the supply curve (a decrease in supply). With demand unchanged, the new equilibrium occurs at a higher price and a lower quantity. The market adjusts as producers are only willing to supply smaller quantities at each price level.
可可豆成本——一种关键原材料——的上升提高了巧克力制造商的生产成本，导致供给曲线向左移动（供给减少）。在需求不变的情况下，新的均衡点出现在更高的价格和更低的交易数量上。市场正是通过生产者在每个价格水平上只愿意供给更少量来调整的。
When drawing the diagram, start with an initial equilibrium, show the supply curve shifting to the left, and clearly mark the new equilibrium point. Explain that the price rises from P1 to P2 and quantity falls from Q1 to Q2. This demonstrates that higher input costs are partly passed on to consumers.
画图时，先画出初始均衡，再画出供给曲线向左移动，并清晰标出新的均衡点。解释价格从P1上升到P2，数量从Q1下降到Q2。这说明上升的投入成本部分转嫁给了消费者。
6. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性
Question: The price of a product increases from £5 to £6, and the quantity demanded decreases from 100 units to 80 units. Calculate the PED and interpret the result. (4 marks)
问题：某产品的价格从5英镑上升到6英镑，需求量从100单位下降到80单位。计算需求价格弹性（PED）并解释结果。（4分）
PED = (% change in quantity demanded) ÷ (% change in price)
% change in quantity demanded = ((80 − 100) / 100) × 100 = −20%
% change in price = ((6 − 5) / 5) × 100 = +20%
PED = (−20%) / (+20% emanded is exactly equal to the percentage change in price. Total revenue remains constant – s not increase overall revenue because the loss in sales exactly offsets the higher price.
需求量变化百分比 = ((80 − 100) / 100) × 100 = −20%
价格变化百分比 = ((6 − 5) / 5) × 100 = +20%
PED = (−20%) / (+20%) = −1.0。取绝对值，PED为1.0，属于单位弹性。这意味着需求量的百分比变化与价格的百分比变化完全相等。总收益保持不变——价格上涨不会增加总收入，因为销量减少的损失恰好被更高的价格所抵消。
Always show the full working out. If the value is negative, many exam boards accept the absolute value, but it is safer to state both and then interpret. Unit elasticity is rare in real-world data but is a useful benchmark.
一定要展示完整的计算过程。如果得出负值，许多考试局接受绝对值，但最好同时说明负值并表示绝对值，再进行解释。单位弹性在现实数据中很少见，但却是非常有用的参考标准。
7. Market Failure and Externalities | 市场失灵与外部性
Question: Explain how negative externalities from production can cause market failure. Use an example in your answer. (6 marks)
问题：解释生产的负外部性如何导致市场失灵，并在答案中举一个例子。（6分）
Market failure occurs when the price mechanism fails to allocate resources efficiently, leading to a net welfare loss. Negative production externalities happen when firms' production activities impose costs on third parties that are not reflected in the market price. For instance, a factory emits pollution into a river, harming local fishermen and communities. The firm’s private costs (raw materials, wages) are lower than the true social costs (private costs plus the cost of pollution). Consequently, the market overproduces the good because the price does not capture the full cost, resulting in a misallocation of resources.
当价格机制无法有效配置资源，导致净福利损失时，市场失灵就发生了。生产的负外部性是指企业的生产活动给第三方带来了成本，而这些成本并没有反映在市场价格中。例如，一家工厂向河流排放污染物，损害了当地渔民和社区的利益。企业的私人成本（原材料、工资）低于真正的社会成本（私人成本加上污染成本）。因此，由于价格未能反映全部成本，市场将会过度生产这种商品，从而导致资源配置不当。
To score full marks, you should outline the divergence between private and social costs, identify the welfare loss triangle on a diagram, and mention that government intervention such as a pollution tax could internalise the externality. Show that you understand the concept of overproduction relative to the socially optimal level.
要拿到满分，你需要概括私人成本与社会成本之间的差异，在图表上标出福利损失三角形，并提及政府干预措施（如征收污染税）可以将外部性内部化。要表现出你理解相对于社会最优水平的过度生产这一概念。
8. Labour Market Basics | 劳动力市场基础
Question: State two factors that could lead to a high wage rate for software engineers. (2 marks)
问题：指出可能导致软件工程师获得高工资的两个因素。（2分）
One factor is the high level of human capital required – software engineers need specialist skills and lengthy training, which restricts the supply of labour. A limited supply relative to strong demand pushes up wages. A second factor is the high productivity and revenue generation associated with their work; technology firms can pay higher wages because each engineer contributes significantly to the firm's profitability.
一个因素是所需的人力资本水平很高——软件工程师需要专业技能和长期培训，这限制了劳动力的供给。相对于强劲的需求而言，有限的供给推高了工资。第二个因素是他们的工作具有高生产率并能带来高收入；科技公司可以支付高工资，因为每位工程师都对公司的盈利能力有巨大贡献。
You could also mention the bargaining power of professional bodies or the derived demand from the tech industry. Always link your point back to the interaction of supply and demand in the labour market.
你也可以提及专业协会的议价能力，或科技行业对工程师的派生需求。始终要将你的观点与劳动力市场的供需互动联系起来。
9. Economic Growth and GDP | 经济增长与GDP
Question: Define GDP and explain one possible cost of rapid economic growth. (3 marks)
问题：定义国内生产总值（GDP），并解释快速经济增长的一个可能代价。（3分）
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given time period, usually one year. It is a key indicator of economic activity. A major cost of rapid economic growth is environmental degradation. As production expands, factories increase emissions, natural resources are depleted, and waste levels rise. This can lead to air and water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and long-term health problems, all of which are not deducted from GDP figures, meaning GDP can rise while citizens’ well-being suffers.
国内生产总值（GDP）是指在一定时期内（通常为一年）一个国家国境内生产的所有最终商品和服务的货币总价值。它是衡量经济活动的关键指标。快速经济增长的一个主要代价是环境退化。随着生产扩张，工厂排放增加，自然资源被耗尽，废物水平上升。这可能导致空气和水污染、生物多样性丧失以及长期的健康问题，而这些代价并没有从GDP数字中扣除，意味着GDP可能上升，而公民的福祉却在受损。
Other costs could include demand-pull inflation, increased inequality, or balance of payments deficits if growth is import-led. In a 3-mark question, define accurately and then develop one point with a clear chain of reasoning.
其他代价可能包括需求拉动型通货膨胀、不平等加剧，或者如果增长由进口驱动，还可能导致国际收支赤字。在3分题中，要准确定义，然后用清晰的推理链条发展其中一个观点。
10. Government Intervention: Taxation and Subsidies | 政府干预：税收与补贴
Question: Using a diagram, explain how an indirect tax on cigarettes affects the market equilibrium. (5 marks)
问题：使用图表，解释对卷烟征收间接税如何影响市场均衡。（5分）
An indirect tax on cigarettes, such as excise duty, increases the cost of production for suppliers. This results in a leftward shift of the supply curve by the amount of the tax, as suppliers are willing to offer less at each price. The new equilibrium shows a higher price paid by consumers and a lower price received by producers. The difference between these two prices is the tax wedge. The quantity of cigarettes traded in the market falls, which is a key aim of the taxation – to reduce consumption of harmful goods.
对卷烟征收的间接税（如消费税）增加了供应商的生产成本。这导致供给曲线向左移动，移动幅度为税额，因为供应商在每个价格水平上愿意提供的数量减少。新的均衡显示消费者支付的价格更高，而生产者实际收到的价格更低。这两个价格之间的差额就是税收楔子。卷烟的市场交易量下降，这正是税收的一个关键目标——减少有害商品的消费。
In your diagram, clearly label the consumer burden and producer burden. Explain that the relative burden depends on price elasticity of demand – since cigarettes are addictive and demand is relatively inelastic, consumers bear most of the tax burden. This makes the policy effective at raising government revenue but less effective at reducing quantity consumed.
在你的图表中，要清楚地标注消费者负担和生产者负担。说明相对负担取决于需求价格弹性——由于卷烟容易上瘾，需求相对缺乏弹性，消费者承担了大部分税收负担。这使得该政策在增加政府收入方面很有效，但在减少消费数量方面效果较差。
11. Data Response: Interpreting Market Diagrams | 数据回应：解读市场图表
Question: The diagram below shows the market for train travel. The demand curve shifts from D1 to D2. Explain two possible reasons for this shift and describe the effect on equilibrium price and quantity. (6 marks)
问题：下图显示火车出行的市场情况。需求曲线从D1移动到D2。解释造成这一移动的两个可能原因，并描述对均衡价格和数量的影响。（6分）
If the demand curve shifts to the right from D1 to D2, this denotes an increase in demand. One possible reason is a rise in consumers’ incomes, assuming train travel is a normal good. With higher disposable income, people may choose to travel more frequently or upgrade from bus to train. A second reason could be an increase in the price of a substitute, such as petrol or domestic flights, making train travel relatively cheaper and more attractive. As a result, the equilibrium price rises and the equilibrium quantity also increases – more journeys are bought and sold at a higher price.
如果需求曲线从D1向右移动到D2，这表示需求增加。一个可能的原因是消费者收入上升（假设火车出行是正常商品）。随着可支配收入增加，人们可能选择更频繁地出行，或从巴士升级为火车。第二个原因可能是替代品价格上涨，比如油价或国内航班票价上涨，使得火车出行相对更便宜、更具吸引力。结果，均衡价格上升，均衡数量也增加——在更高的价格下，有更多的出行被购买和出售。
When analysing a data response question, be specific: refer to the shift shown and link your reasoning to real-world events. Always calculate or state the direction of change in both price and quantity. If the question shows a diagram, do not redraw it – just describe the changes clearly.
在分析数据回应题时，要具体：提及图示中的移动，并将推理与现实世界事件联系起来。始终计算或说明价格和数量的变动方向。如果题目给出了图表，不需要重画——只需清晰描述变化即可。
12. Exam Technique: Command Words and Evaluation | 考试技巧：指令词与评估
Focus: Understanding command words such as ‘explain’, ‘analyse’ and ‘evaluate’ is crucial for accessing higher marks in the WJEC Economics paper. This section clarifies what each word requires and how to build an evaluative paragraph.
焦点：理解诸如“解释”、“分析”和“评估”等指令词，对于在WJEC经济学试卷中获得高分至关重要。本节阐明各指令词的要求，以及如何构建评估性段落。
‘ give reasons for why something happens, typically using a chain of reasoning. For example, ‘ u to link higher rates → lower borrowing → lower spending → reduced demand-pull inflation. ‘ u to break a problem into parts, often using diagrams or data to examine cause and effect. ‘ ths and weaknesses of an argument, and come to a justified conclusion. Use phrases such as ‘in the short run… however in the long run…’, ‘it depends on…’, or ‘from the perspective of consumers… but from the viewpoint of producers…’.
“解释”意味着你必须说明某事发生的原因，通常要运用一连串推理。例如，“解释为什么提高利率会降低通货膨胀”需要你建立以下联系：提高利率 → 减少借贷 → 减少消费 → 降低需求拉动型通胀。“分析”在此基础上要求你将问题分解，经常使用图表或数据来审视因果关系。“评估”是最高层次的技能：你必须考虑不同的观点，权衡某一论点的优势和劣势，并得出有依据的结论。使用诸如“短期内……然而长期来看……”、“这取决于……”，或“从消费者的角度……但从生产者的角度……”等表述。
To practise evaluation, always ask yourself: are there any unintended consequences? How might the outcome differ for different stakeholders? Is there any evidence that the policy might not work? Integrating such questions into your revision will push your answer into the top mark band.
为了练习评估，要时常自问：是否有任何意外后果？对于不同的利益相关者，结果会有何不同？是否有证据表明该政策可能无效？将这类问题融入到你的复习中，就能将你的答案推入最高分段。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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