📚 Year 10 Edexcel Physics: Key Terms & Definitions Quick Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 物理：核心术语速记指南
Mastering physics vocabulary is one of the fastest ways to boost your confidence and exam performance in Edexcel GCSE. This bilingual guide collects the most important Year 10 terms, giving each one a clear definition in both English and Chinese so you can revise actively and lock in the meaning behind every keyword.
掌握物理词汇是提升 Edexcel GCSE 考试信心与成绩最快的途径之一。这份双语指南汇集了 Year 10 阶段最重要的术语，每个术语都配有清晰的中英文定义，方便你主动复习，牢牢记住每个关键词的真正含义。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Displacement: Displacement is a vector quantity that describes the change in an object's position. It is the shortest straight-line distance from the starting point to the finish, together with a direction. It must not be confused with distance, which is scalar. The standard unit is the metre (m).
位移：位移是描述物体位置变化的矢量。它是从起点到终点最短的直线距离，并带有方向。不能与标量“路程”混淆。标准单位是米（m）。
Velocity: ed by dividing displacement by time taken: v = s / t. The unit is metres per second (m/s).
速度：速度是带有方向信息的速度，属于矢量。平均速度可以用位移除以所用时间计算：v = s / t。单位是米每秒（m/s）。
Acceleration: ) / t, where v is final velocity and u is initial velocity. Its unit is metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度：加速度是速度变化的快慢，同样是矢量。平均加速度可由 a = (v - u) / t 求得，其中 v 是末速度，u 是初速度。单位是米每二次方秒（m/s²）。
Resultant force: the combined effect of all the individual forces acting on an object. According to Newton' ce = mass × acceleration (F = m a). It determines whether the object changes its velocity.
合力：合力是代表作用在物体上所有单独力总体效果的一个力。根据牛顿第二定律，合力 = 质量 × 加速度（F = m a）。它决定了物体是否改变速度。
Inertia: Inertia is the tendency of any object to resist a change in its state of motion. The mass of an object is a direct measure of its inertia – the greater the mass, the larger the force needed to change its velocity.
惯性：惯性是一切物体抵抗运动状态改变的性质。物体的质量直接衡量其惯性大小——质量越大，改变其速度所需的力就越大。
Mass vs. weight: d in newtons (N), and is a vector. On Earth, weight is calculated by W = m g, where the gravitational field strength g is approximately 9.8 N/kg.
质量与重量：质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克（kg），是标量。重量是作用在该质量上的重力，单位为牛顿（N），是矢量。在地球表面，重量由 W = m g 计算，其中重力场强度 g 约为 9.8 N/kg。
Terminal velocity: When an object falls through a fluid, air resistance increases with speed. Terminal velocity is the constant maximum speed reached when the upward resistive force exactly balances the downward weight, making the resultant force zero and acceleration zero.
终极速度：当物体在流体中下落时，空气阻力随速度增大而增大。当向上的阻力与向下的重量恰好平衡时，合力为零，加速度为零，物体达到恒定的最大速度，即为终极速度。
2. Energy | 能量
Kinetic energy (KE): moving object possesses kinetic energy; doubling the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.
动能 (KE)：动能是运动物体储存的能量。它取决于质量和速度，公式为 KE = ½ m v²。任何运动的物体都具有动能；速度加倍时动能变为原来的四倍。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): E = m g h, where h is the change in height. The higher the object, the more GPE it stores.
重力势能 (GPE)：重力势能是物体因离地高度而储存的能量。计算公式为 GPE = m g h，其中 h 是高度的变化。物体位置越高，储存的重力势能越多。
Work done: F s). Energy is transferred mechanically, and both work and energy are measured in joules (J).
做功：当力使物体移动时，就做了功。做功 = 力 × 沿力方向移动的距离（W = F s）。能量以机械方式转移，功和能量的单位都是焦耳（J）。
Power: er = energy transferred / time, or P = E / t. The unit is the watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率：功率是能量转移或做功的速率。功率 = 转移的能量 / 时间，即 P = E / t。单位是瓦特（W），1 W = 1 J/s。
Efficiency: n as a ratio or percentage: Efficiency = (useful output energy / total input energy) × 100%. No device can be more than 100% efficient.
效率：效率描述输入能量有多大比例被转化为有用的输出。可以表示为比值或百分比：效率 =（有用输出能量 / 总输入能量）× 100%。任何装置的效率都不可能超过 100%。
Conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred, stored or dissipated, but it can never be created or destroyed. The total energy of a closed system always remains constant.
能量守恒：能量可以被转移、储存或散失，但既不能被创造也不能被消灭。一个封闭系统的总能量始终保持不变。
Dissipated energy: Dissipated energy is the energy that is spread out to the surroundings, often as heat, and is no longer useful. In many processes, friction or electrical resistance causes dissipation, reducing the overall efficiency.
耗散能量：耗散能量指散失到周围环境中不再有用的能量，通常以热的形式出现。在许多过程中，摩擦或电阻会引起耗散，从而降低整体效率。
3. Waves | 波
Amplitude: The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its undisturbed position. In a transverse wave, it is the height of a crest or depth of a trough. Greater amplitude usually means more energy.
振幅：振幅是波上某一点偏离其平衡位置的最大位移。在横波中，它是波峰的高度或波谷的深度。振幅越大通常代表能量越多。
Wavelength (λ): Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive identical points on a wave, such as from crest to crest or compression to compression. It is measured in metres and commonly represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ).
波长 (λ)：波长是波上两个相邻相同点之间的距离，例如从波峰到波峰或从密部到密部。单位是米，通常用希腊字母 λ 表示。
Frequency: 1 wave per second. Frequency and wavelength are inversely related for a given wave speed.
频率：频率是每秒通过某固定点的完整波的个数。单位是赫兹（Hz），1 Hz 等于每秒 1 个波。在波速一定时，频率与波长成反比。
Wave speed: ve speed can change when a wave moves from one medium to another, altering its wavelength.
波速：波速是波在单位时间内传播的距离。它通过波动方程与频率和波长联系：v = f λ。当波从一种介质进入另一种介质时，波速可能改变，波长也随之改变。
Transverse wave: In a transverse wave, the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. Examples include light, all electromagnetic waves, and water ripples. Transverse waves can travel through a vacuum.
横波：横波中，振动方向与能量传播方向垂直。例子包括光、所有电磁波和水波涟漪。横波可以在真空中传播。
Longitudinal wave: In a longitudinal wave, the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Sound waves and seismic P-waves are longitudinal. They consist of compressions (regions of high pressure) and rarefactions (regions of low pressure).
纵波：纵波中，振动方向与能量传播方向平行。声波和地震 P 波都是纵波。它们由密部（高压区域）和疏部（低压区域）组成。
Reflection and refraction: fraction is the change in direction of a wave when it crosses a boundary between different media at an angle, caused by a change in wave speed.
反射与折射：反射是波遇到边界时被反弹回来的现象，遵循反射定律（入射角 = 反射角）。折射是波以一定角度跨越不同介质的边界时，因波速改变而发生的方向变化。
4. Electromagnetic Spectrum | 电磁波谱
Electromagnetic waves: × 10⁸ m/s) and do not require a medium. The EM spectrum groups them by wavelength and frequency.
电磁波：电磁波是横波，能将能量从源传递到吸收体。它们在真空中都以相同的速度传播（3.0 × 10⁸ m/s），且不需要介质。电磁波谱依据波长和频率对它们进行分组。
Order of the spectrum: From longest wavelength (lowest frequency) to shortest wavelength (highest frequency), the order is: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. Visible light sits in the middle and can be split into colours.
波谱顺序：从长波长（低频率）到短波长（高频率）的顺序为：无线电波、微波
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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