📚 Year 10 Edexcel Physics: Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 Edexcel 物理公式定理速查手册
This handbook brings together every essential formula, constant and principle you need for Year 10 Edexcel Physics. Keep it close for quick recall, problem‑solving and last‑minute revision.
本手册汇集了 Year 10 Edexcel 物理所有必备公式、常数与定理，帮助你在解题、复习和考前速查时快速调用。
1. Speed and Acceleration | 速度与加速度
Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. Its unit is metres per second (m/s).
平均速度等于总路程除以总时间，单位是米每秒 (m/s)。
v = s ÷ t
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be calculated from the change in velocity and the time interval.
加速度是速度的变化率，可以用速度变化量与时间间隔来计算。
a = (v − u) ÷ t
When acceleration is constant, the final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration and displacement are linked by this equation. The symbol s always represents displacement in a straight line, not total distance if direction changes.
当加速度恒定时，末速度、初速度、加速度和位移之间满足这个关系。注意符号 s 表示直线位移，如果方向改变不能混用路程。
v² = u² + 2 a s
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Newton's Second Law states that the resultant force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration. Force is measured in newtons (N).
牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合力等于质量乘以加速度，力的单位是牛顿 (N)。
F = m × a
Weight is the gravitational force acting on a mass. On Earth the gravitational field strength g is approximately 9.8 N/kg, often rounded to 10 N/kg in exam calculations.
重力是地球对物体的引力，地球表面引力场强度 g 约为 9.8 N/kg，考试中常取 10 N/kg 进行计算。
W = m × g
Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal in size and opposite in direction (Newton's Third Law).
任何两个物体相互作用时，彼此施加的力总是大小相等、方向相反（牛顿第三定律）。
3. Momentum | 动量
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity, so direction matters. The unit is kilogram metre per second (kg m/s).
动量是质量与速度的乘积，是矢量，具有方向，单位为千克米每秒 (kg m/s)。
p = m × v
In a closed system, the total momentum before an event equals the total momentum after the event. This conservation law is powerful for collision and explosion problems.
在一个封闭系统中，相互作用前的总动量等于相互作用后的总动量。动量守恒定律是处理碰撞、爆炸问题的有力工具。
4. Energy Stores and Calculations | 能量储存与计算
Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. Any moving object stores kinetic energy.
动能与质量和速度有关，一切运动的物体都具有动能。
Eₖ = ½ m v²
Gravitational potential energy is stored when an object is raised in a gravitational field. The change in GPE depends on mass, g and the vertical height gained.
重力势能是物体在重力场中被举高时储存的能量，其变化量由质量、g 和竖直高度决定。
ΔEₚ = m g Δh
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred, stored or dissipated. This is the principle of conservation of energy.
能量既不会凭空产生也不会凭空消失，只能从一种形式转移、储存或耗散（能量守恒原理）。
5. Work, Power and Efficiency | 功、功率与效率
Work is done when a force moves an object. One joule of work is done when a force of one newton moves an object one metre in the direction of the force.
力使物体移动时即做了功。1 焦耳的功等于 1 牛顿的力使物体沿力的方向移动 1 米。
W = F × d
rate of doing work or transferring energy. It is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.
功率是做功或转移能量的速率，单位是瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。
P = W ÷ t or P = ΔE ÷ t
Efficiency compares useful output energy (or power) to total input energy (or power). It can be expressed as a decimal or a percentage.
效率是有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入能量（或功率）之比，可以用小数或百分数表示。
Efficiency = Useful output energy ÷ Total input energy × 100%
6. Wave Properties | 波的性质
The speed of a wave is the product of its frequency and wavelength. This applies to all types of wave, from water ripples to light and sound.
波速等于频率与波长的乘积，这适用于水波、光波、声波等所有波。
v = f × λ
The period of a wave is the time taken for one complete oscillation. It is the inverse of frequency.
波的周期是完成一次完整振动所需的时间，它等于频率的倒数。
T = 1 ÷ f
In transverse waves, the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer; in longitudinal waves, they are parallel. All electromagnetic waves are transverse.
横波的振动方向与能量传播方向垂直，纵波则平行。所有电磁波都是横波。
7. Optics: Refraction and Critical Angle | 光学：折射与临界角
When light passes from one transparent medium to another, it changes speed and direction. Snell's Law relates the angle of incidence i and the angle of refraction r to the refractive index n.
光从一种透明介质进入另一种时速度与方向都会改变。斯涅尔定律将入射角 i、折射角 r 和折射率 n 联系起来。
n = sin i ÷ sin r
The critical angle c is the angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction is 90°. Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
临界角 c 是光在光密介质中入射、折射角恰好为 90° 时的入射角。当入射角大于临界角时发生全内反射。
sin c = 1 ÷ n
8. Electricity: Ohm's Law and Resistance | 电学：欧姆定律与电阻
Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided temperature remains constant.
欧姆定律指出，在温度恒定时，通过导体的电流与导体两端的电势差成正比。
V = I × R
For resistors in series, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances.
串联电路中，总电阻等于各电阻之和。
Rtotal = R₁ + R₂ + …
For two resistors in parallel, the total resistance is given by the reciprocal formula. The combined resistance is always smaller than the smallest individual resistor.
两个电阻并联时，总电阻满足倒数关系，且总电阻总小于最小的单个电阻。
1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂
9. Electrical Power and Energy | 电功率与电能
Electrical power is the product of current and potential difference. It tells us how fast electrical energy is transferred.
电功率是电流与电势差的乘积，表示电能转移的快慢。
P = I × V
Electrical energy transferred depends on power and time. It can also be calculated directly from current, voltage and time.
转移的电能取决于功率和时间，也可以直接用电流、电压和时间计算。
E = P × t and E = I × V × t
Charge flowing through a circuit is the product of current and time. It is measured in coulombs (C).
通过电路的电荷量等于电流与时间的乘积，单位是库仑 (C)。
Q = I × t
10. Density, Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat | 密度、比热容与潜热
Density is mass per unit volume. It is a material property that helps identify substances.
密度是质量除以体积，是帮助鉴别物质的特性之一。
ρ = m ÷ V
When a substance is heated and its temperature rises, the energy transferred depends on mass, specific heat capacity and the temperature change.
物质吸热温度升高时，传递的能量由质量、比热容和温度变化共同决定。
ΔE = m c Δθ
During a change of state (melting, boiling), the temperature stays constant and the energy absorbed or released is given by the specific latent heat.
状态变化（熔化、沸腾）时温度保持不变，吸收或放出的能量由比潜热给出。
Q = m L
11. Radioactivity and Half‑Life | 放射性与半衰期
Radioactive decay is a random process where an unstable nucleus emits radiation to become more stable. The activity of a source is the number of decays per second, measured in becquerels (Bq).
放射性衰变是一种随机过程，不稳定原子核通过释放辐射变得更稳定。活度是每秒衰变次数，单位是贝克勒尔 (Bq)。
Half‑life is the time taken for the activity (or the number of undecayed nuclei) to halve. It is constant for a given isotope and can be found from decay curves.
半衰期是活度（或未衰变原子核数目）减为一半所需的时间。对给定同位素，半衰期为常数，可从衰变曲线上读出。
No single equation gives half‑life, but if you know the initial count rate and the count rate after a certain time, you can work out how many half‑lives have passed.
没有直接计算半衰期的单一公式，但已知初始计数率和一段时间后的计数率，便可推算出经过了多少个半衰期。
12. Key Formula Summary Table | 核心公式速查表
The table below collects all the essential equations in one place. Use it to test yourself: cover the formula column and try to recall each one from its description.
下表汇总了所有核心公式。可用来自我检测：遮住公式栏，尝试根据描述写出每个公式。
| Formula | Quantity / 物理量 | Symbols & Units / 符号与单位 |
|---|---|---|
| v = s ÷ t | Speed 速度 | v: m/s, s: m, t: s |
| a = (v − u) ÷ t | Acceleration 加速度 | a: m/s², v,u: m/s, t: s |
| v² = u² + 2 a s | SUVAT 位移-速度关系 | v,u: m/s, a: m/s², s: m |
| F = m a | Resultant force 合力 | F: N, m: kg, a: m/s² |
| W = m g | Weight 重力 | W: N, m: kg, g: N/kg |
| p = m v | Momentum 动量 | p: kg m/s, m: kg, v: m/s |
| Eₚ = m g h | Gravitational PE 重力势能 | Eₚ: J, m: kg, g: N/kg, h: m |
| Eₖ = ½ m v² | Kinetic energy 动能 | Eₖ: J, m: kg, v: m/s |
| W = F d | Work done 做功 | W: J, F: N, d: m |
| P = E ÷ t | Power 功率 | P: W, E: J, t: s |
| Efficiency = useful out ÷ total in | Efficiency 效率 | No units / 无单位 |
| v = f λ | Wave speed 波速 | v: m/s, f: Hz, λ: m |
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