📚 Year 10 WJEC Biology: Oral & Listening Exam Prep | 威尔士联合考试局 10 年级生物：口语与听力备考专项
This guide is designed specifically for Year 10 WJEC Biology students who need to build confidence in speaking and listening about scientific topics. Whether you are preparing for oral assessments, classroom discussions, or simply want to improve your ability to explain biological concepts clearly in English, the following sections will walk you through key vocabulary, definitions, processes, and common question types. Each point is presented in paired English and Chinese paragraphs so you can practise both comprehension and pronunciation.
本指南专为威尔士联合考试局（WJEC）10 年级生物学生编写，旨在帮助你在科学话题的口语和听力方面建立信心。无论你正在准备口语评估、课堂讨论，还是希望提高用英语清晰解释生物学概念的能力，以下各节将带你梳理核心词汇、定义、过程和常见题型。每个要点都以配对的英文和中文段落呈现，方便你同时练习理解和发音。
1. Cells and Microscopy | 细胞与显微镜使用
All living organisms are made of cells. In WJEC Biology, you must be able to describe the structure of animal and plant cells and compare them. Key organelles include the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, and in plant cells, the cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole. When speaking, remember to use correct stress: MI-to-chon-dria, CHLO-ro-plasts, VAC-u-ole.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。在WJEC生物课程中，你必须能够描述动植物细胞的结构并进行比较。关键细胞器包括细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体、核糖体，以及植物细胞特有的细胞壁、叶绿体和中央液泡。口语表达时，注意词重音：线粒体 (mi-TO-chon-dria)、叶绿体 (CHLO-ro-plasts)、液泡 (VAC-u-ole)。
nt knobs, and calculate magnification using the formula: Magnification = size of image ÷ actual size of object. Practise reading measurements aloud, e.g., “The specimen is 0.5 millimetres wide under a magnification of 400 times.”
显微镜使用是一项经常通过口语方式进行评估的实践技能。你需要能够解释如何制作装片、使用粗准焦螺旋和细准焦螺旋调焦，并运用公式计算放大倍数：放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。 练习大声读出测量结果，例如：“该标本在400倍放大下宽度为0.5毫米。”
2. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. Each enzyme has an active site with a specific shape that fits a particular substrate, like a lock and key. When speaking, clearly distinguish 'catalyst' (CAT-a-lyst) and 'substrate' (SUB-strate). You may be asked to describe the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity, explaining denaturation if the shape of the active site changes permanently.
酶是生物催化剂，能加速体内的化学反应。每种酶都有一个特定形状的活性部位，与特定的底物相匹配，类似锁和钥匙。口语中要清楚区分“催化剂”（CAT-a-lyst）和“底物”（SUB-strate）。你可能会被问到温度和pH对酶活性的影响，并且需要解释如果活性部位形状永久改变，酶就会变性。
Key digestive enzymes include amylase (breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth and small intestine), protease (breaks down proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine), and lipase (breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine). When explaining these processes, use sequencing words: first, next, then, finally. For example, “First, amylase in saliva begins starch digestion. Next, the food travels to the stomach where protease starts protein breakdown.”
关键消化酶包括淀粉酶（在口腔和小肠中将淀粉分解为麦芽糖）、蛋白酶（在胃和小肠中将蛋白质分解为氨基酸）和脂肪酶（在小肠中将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油）。在解释这些过程时，使用表示顺序的词语：首先、接着、然后、最后。例如：“首先，唾液中的淀粉酶开始消化淀粉。接着，食物进入胃，蛋白酶开始分解蛋白质。”
3. The Circulatory System and Blood | 循环系统与血液
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. You should be able to describe the double circulation: the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Listen carefully for the pronunciation difference between ‘deoxygenated’ (dee-OX-y-gen-ay-ted) and ‘oxygenated’ (OX-y-gen-ay-ted).
循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成。你需要能够描述双循环：右心室将去氧血泵送到肺部，左心室将含氧血泵送到全身。仔细听“去氧血”（dee-OX-y-gen-ay-ted）和“含氧血”（OX-y-gen-ay-ted）的发音区别。
Blood has four main components: red blood cells (transport oxygen, contain haemoglobin), white blood cells (fight infection), platelets (clotting), and plasma (transports nutrients, hormones, waste). Speaking tip: when listing components, pause slightly between items to sound clear. Practice: “Red blood cells… white blood cells… platelets… and plasma.”
血液有四种主要成分：红细胞（运输氧气，含有血红蛋白）、白细胞（抵抗感染）、血小板（凝血）和血浆（运输营养物质、激素和废物）。口语技巧：列举成分时，在各项之间稍作停顿，使表达更清晰。练习：“红细胞……白细胞……血小板……以及血浆。”
4. The Respiratory System and Gas Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. Key structures to describe orally: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs. When you say ‘alveoli’ (al-VEE-o-lie), stress the ‘vee’. You should explain how the large surface area, thin walls, and rich blood supply make gas exchange efficient.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。需要口头描述的关键结构有：气管、支气管、细支气管和肺泡。肺泡是被毛细血管包围的微小气囊，气体交换在此进行。说“肺泡”（al-VEE-o-lie）时，重音在“vee”。你应解释大的表面积、薄壁和丰富的血液供应如何使气体交换高效进行。
Breathing in (inhalation) involves the diaphragm contracting and moving down, while intercostal muscles contract to lift the rib cage up and out, increasing chest volume and decreasing pressure. Breathing out (exhalation) is largely passive. When describing these steps, use the present simple tense: “The diaphragm contracts,” “The rib cage lifts.”
吸气时，膈肌收缩并向下移动，肋间肌收缩将胸廓向上向外抬起，胸腔容积增大，压力降低。呼气主要是一个被动过程。描述这些步骤时，使用一般现在时：“膈肌收缩”，“胸廓抬起”。
5. Plant Transport: Xylem and Phloem | 植物运输：木质部和韧皮部
Plants have two transport tissues: xylem moves water and mineral ions from roots to leaves, and phloem transports sugars (mainly sucrose) around the plant. The xylem is made of dead, hollow cells forming continuous tubes, while phloem consists of living cells with sieve plates. Pronounce ‘xylem’ as ZY-lem and ‘phloem’ as FLO-em. Using hand gestures while speaking can help you remember the directions of flow.
植物有两种输导组织：木质部将水和矿物质离子从根部向上运输到叶，韧皮部将糖类（主要是蔗糖）运往植物各处。木质部由死亡的中空细胞组成，形成连续的管道；韧皮部则由具有筛板的活细胞构成。发音：“木质部”为ZY-lem，“韧皮部”为FLO-em。说话时配合手势有助于你记住流动方向。
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from leaves, and it drives the transpiration stream. Factors affecting transpiration rate include temperature, humidity, light intensity, and air movement. A common spoken question: “Explain how increasing light intensity affects transpiration.” Your answer should link light to stomatal opening and increased evaporation.
蒸腾作用是叶片散失水蒸气的过程，它驱动蒸腾流。影响蒸腾速率的因素包括温度、湿度、光照强度和空气流动。一个常见的口头提问是：“解释光照强度增加如何影响蒸腾作用。”你的回答应该将光照与气孔张开及蒸发增强联系起来。
6. Photosynthesis and the Leaf | 光合作用与叶片
de + Water → Glucose + Oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll). For a fluid spoken description, you can say: “ dioxide plus water yields glucose and oxygen, with light and chlorophyll as requirements.” Remember that ‘chlorophyll’ is pronounced KLOR-o-fill.
光合作用是绿色植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖的过程。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（在光和叶绿体存在下）。流利的口头描述可以说：“二氧化碳加水产生葡萄糖和氧气，光能和叶绿素是必需条件。”记住“叶绿素”发音为KLOR-o-fill。
Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis with a large surface area, thinness, stomata for gas exchange, and palisade cells packed with chloroplasts. When listening to a description, focus on the sequence: light absorption, water splitting, carbon dioxide fixation, glucose production. Practice retelling the process without notes to build speaking fluency.
叶片适应光合作用的特点包括：表面积大、薄、具有用于气体交换的气孔，以及充满叶绿体的栅栏组织细胞。听力练习时，注意描述顺序：光吸收、水分解、二氧化碳固定、葡萄糖生成。尝试不依赖笔记复述整个过程，以提高口语流利度。
7. The Nervous System and Reflexes | 神经系统与反射
→ receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone (in the spinal cord) → motor neurone → effector (muscle or gland). The pronunciation of ‘ ap between neurones is a synapse, where chemicals called neurotransmitters diffuse across.
神经系统协调对刺激的反应。神经元传导电脉冲。你需要能够描述反射弧：刺激→感受器→感觉神经元→中间神经元（位于脊髓）→运动神经元→效应器（肌肉或腺体）。“神经元”发音为NYUR-own。神经元之间的间隙是突触，名为神经递质的化学物质在此扩散通过。
Common oral question: “Why are reflex actions faster than voluntary actions?” Answer: they bypass the brain for conscious thought; the relay neurone in the spinal cord directly connects sensory and motor neurones. When you speak, emphasise the speed: “Reflexes happen almost instantly, without thinking.”
常见口头提问：“为什么反射动作比随意动作快？”回答：因为它们绕过了大脑的意识思考；脊髓中的中间神经元直接连接感觉和运动神经元。说话时，强调其速度：“反射几乎瞬间发生，无需思考。”
8. Hormones and Homeostasis | 激素与稳态
Hormones are chemical messengers released by glands and carried in the blood. Insulin is produced by the pancreas to lower blood glucose, while glucagon raises it. In oral assessments, you might be asked to compare nervous and hormonal communication. Key differences: nervous is fast, electrical, short-lived; hormonal is slower, chemical, longer-lasting.
激素是由腺体释放并通过血液运输的化学信使。胰岛素由胰腺产生，用于降低血糖，而胰高血糖素则升高血糖。在口语评估中，你可能需要比较神经和激素通讯。关键差异：神经通讯快速、电信号、作用短暂；激素通讯较慢、化学信号、作用持久。
o insulin is secreted; when fasting, glucagon is released. Practice the feedback loop description aloud: “Detect change → signal → response → return to normal.”
稳态涉及维持稳定的内部环境。血糖调节是一个经典例子：餐后血糖升高，胰岛素分泌；饥饿时，胰高血糖素释放。大声练习反馈回路的描述：“感知变化→发出信号→产生应答→恢复正常。”
9. Variation, Genetics, and Evolution | 变异、遗传与进化
Variation is the differences between individuals of the same species. It can be caused by genes, environment, or a combination. Key terms: alleles, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous. Pronounce ‘heterozygous’ as het-er-o-ZY-gus. When speaking about genetic crosses, use a logical order: state parental genotypes, gametes, Punnett square, offspring ratio.
变异是指同一物种个体之间的差异，可由基因、环境或两者共同引起。关键术语：等位基因、显性、隐性、纯合子、杂合子。“杂合子”发音为het-er-o-ZY-gus。在讨论遗传杂交时，使用逻辑顺序：陈述亲本基因型、配子、旁氏表、后代比例。
ence: variation → competition → survival of fittest → reproduction → inheritance of advantageous alleles. Listen for the phrase ‘survival of the fittest’ in spoken questions and be ready to define it clearly.
自然选择是指更适应环境的生物得以生存和繁殖的过程。你必须能够解释这一顺序：变异→竞争→适者生存→繁殖→有利等位基因的遗传。在听力问题中，留意“适者生存”这个说法，并准备好清晰地定义它。
10. Ecology and Sampling Techniques | 生态学与取样技术
Ecology studies interactions between organisms and their environment. Common WJEC practical questions involve using quadrats and transects to sample distribution and abundance. Speak clearly about methods: “Place the quadrat randomly using random number coordinates,” “Count the number of daisies within the quadrat,” “Record the percentage cover.”
生态学研究生物与其环境之间的相互作用。WJEC常见的实际问题涉及使用样方和样线来取样分布和丰度。清楚描述方法：“使用随机数坐标随机放置样方”，“数出样方内雏菊的数量”，“记录盖度百分比”。
ips. Use arrows to represent energy flow. Oral practice: describe a simple food chain like “grass → rabbit → fox,” saying “grass is eaten by rabbit, which is eaten by fox.” ic English. Also practise using terms like producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer.
食物链和食物网表示摄食关系，用箭头表示能量流动。口语练习：描述一条简单的食物链，如“草→兔→狐”，并说“草被兔吃，兔被狐吃”。这有助于你熟练运用科学英语中的被动语态。同时练习使用生产者、初级消费者、次级消费者等术语。
11. Disease and Immunity | 疾病与免疫
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. Body defences include physical barriers (skin, mucus), chemical barriers (stomach acid), and the immune response (white blood cells). When speaking, differentiate ‘virus’ (VY-rus) and ‘bacteria’ (bak-TEER-ee-uh) clearly, as they are often confused.
病原体是引起疾病的微生物，包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物。身体防御包括物理屏障（皮肤、粘液）、化学屏障（胃酸）和免疫应答（白细胞）。说话时，清楚区分“病毒”（VY-rus）和“细菌”（bak-TEER-ee-uh），因为这两个词常被混淆。
y production and memory cells. This creates immunity. In an oral explanation, use the term ‘ t exposure → immune response → memory cells remain → faster response upon second exposure.
疫苗接种是通过引入减弱或死亡的病原体来刺激抗体生成和记忆细胞，从而形成免疫。在口头解释时，使用“群体免疫”一词，并将其与保护易感个体联系起来。练习概述时间线：初次接触→免疫应答→记忆细胞保留→二次接触时更快应答。
12. Practice for Oral and Listening Success | 口语与听力成功练习技巧
To excel in oral assessments, record yourself explaining a biological process, then listen back and compare with model answers. Focus on accurate pronunciation, logical flow, and the correct use of scientific terminology. For listening, watch educational videos with closed captions in English and try to write down key words you hear.
要在口语评估中表现优异，可以录下自己对某个生物过程的解释，然后回放并与标准答案比较。注重准确发音、逻辑流畅和科学术语的正确使用。听力方面，可以观看带英文字幕的教学视频，并尝试记下听到的关键词。
Working with a study partner, one can ask a question aloud and the other answer without reading from notes. Use the paired paragraphs in this article as a foundation. Finally, familiarise yourself with the WJEC mark schemes for oral tasks—marks are often awarded for using specific scientific language, not just general descriptions.
与学习伙伴合作，一人大声提问，另一人不看笔记作答。可将本文中的配对段落作为基础。最后，熟悉WJEC口语任务的评分标准——得分点往往在于是否使用了特定的科学语言，而不仅仅是泛泛的描述。
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